苗瑶语（英汉版）

黄达武

	苗瑶语             The Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao languages are a small language family of southern China and Southeast Asia. （赫蒙-勉或者苗-瑶语是中国南部和东南亚的一个小语系。）They are spoken in mountainous areas of southern China, including Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Hubei provinces, where its speakers have been relegated to being "hill people," while the Han Chinese have settled the more fertile river valleys. （它们使用于中国南方的众多山区中，包括贵州、湖南、云南、四川、广西和湖北各省区，在这些地方，它们的使用者被统称为“山地人”，而汉人则定居在较为富饶的河谷。）Within the last 300–400 years, the Hmong and some Mien people have migrated to Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. （在过去的300—400年当中，赫蒙和一些勉人移居至泰国、老挝、越南和缅甸。）As a result of the Indochina Wars, many Hmong speakers left Southeast Asia for Australia, the United States, and other countries.（作为印度支那战争的结果之一，许多赫蒙语的使用者离开东南亚，去了澳大利亚、美国和其它国家。 Contents 内容 [hide隐藏] 1 Relationships 关系 2 Names 名称 3 Characteristics 特征 4 Proposed internal classification提议的内部分类 5 Further reading 进一步阅读资料 6 References 参考资料 [edit编辑] Relationships（关系） Hmong (Miao) and Mien (Yao) are clearly distinct, but closely related. （赫蒙[苗]语和勉[瑶]语的区分很清晰，但有着密切的关系。）The relationship of the poorly known Ho Ne (Huo Nie) language of the Shē is obscure, though it may be closest to Mien. （罕为人知的畲语中的活聶语的关系很模糊，尽管它很可能和勉语关系最近。）Part of the difficulty is that it has been strongly influenced by neighboring tongues. （其中难点之一，是它深受邻近语言的影响。）One proposed internal classification is listed below.（提议的[、它们之间的]一种内部分类，将在下面列出。） Earlier linguistic classifications placed the Hmong-Mien languages into the Sino-Tibetan language family, where they remain in many Chinese classifications, but the current consensus among Western linguists is that they constitute a family of their own. （早些时候，语言分类将赫蒙-苗语划入汉藏语系，在许多中国学界的分类中它们依然保持着自己分类的位置，而西方语言学者中近来一致同意它们构成自己独立的语系。）The family has its origins in southern or perhaps even central China. （该语系起源于中国南部或中部。）The current area of greatest agreement is that the languages appeared in the region between the Yangtze and Mekong rivers, but there is reason to believe that speakers migrated there from further north with the expansion of the Han Chinese.（一致同意的当前观点是，该语系出现于长江和湄公河之间的地区，但有理由相信，随着汉人的扩张，使用该语系的人是从更北的地方迁居到了这一地域。） Paul K. Benedict, an American scholar, extended the Austric theory to include the Kradai family of Southeast Asia and the Hmong-Mien languages, together forming an Austro-Tai superfamily. （美国学者保罗•K•本尼迪克特拓展华澳大语系，该语系包括东南亚的卡拉岱语系和赫蒙-勉语言，一起组成澳-台超语系。） [edit编辑] Names 名称 The Mandarin names for these languages are Miáo and Yáo. （这些语言的汉语名是苗和瑶。） Meo, Hmu, Mong, and Hmong are local names for Miao, but since most Laotian refugees in the United States call themselves Hmong/Mong, this name has become better known in English than the others in recent decades. （“苗”、“赫木”、“蒙”和“赫蒙”是苗语的当地名字，但自从大多数避居美国的老挝难民自称他们为“赫蒙/蒙”后，相比其它名称，这个名称数十年来在英语世界里更为人所知。）However, the name Hmong is not used in China, where the majority of the Miao live.（然而，在大多数苗族居住的中国，不使用“赫蒙”这个名字。） The Chinese name Yao, on the other hand, is for the Yao nationality, which is a cultural rather than ethno-linguistic group. （另一方面，汉语名“瑶”，指的是瑶族，与其说它是个种族-语言上联结的族群，倒不如说它是文化上关系密切的族群。）It includes peoples speaking the Mien, Kadai, Yi, and Miao languages. （瑶族包括说勉语、卡岱、彝和苗语的人。）For this reason the ethnonym Mien may be preferred as less ambiguous.（由于这相原因，瑶族自称的“勉”因为较清晰而更值得选用。） [edit编辑] Characteristics特征 Like many languages in southern China, the Hmong-Mien languages tend to be monosyllabic and syntactically analytic. （像中国南方的许多语言一样，赫蒙-勉语趋向于成为单语节和句法上分析型的语言。）They are some of the most highly tonal languages in the world: Longmo and Zongdi Hmong have as many as twelve distinct tones. （它们是世界上声调最多语言中的几种：龙模[Longmo]和宗迪[Zongdi]赫蒙语有高达12类截然不同的声调。）They are notable phonologically for the occurrence of voiceless sonorants and uvular consonants; otherwise their phonology is also quite typical of the region.（语音上，它们的清响音和小舌音的具体数非常引入注目；此外，它们的音韵系统在该地区也相当典型。） They are SVO in word order but are not as rigidly right-branching as the Kradai or most Mon-Khmer languages, since they have genitives and numerals before the noun like Chinese. （词序上，它们是主语[S]-谓语成分[V]-宾语[O]类语言，但并像卡拉傣[Kradai]的右支语言或大多数的孟-高棉[Mon-Khmer]语那样严格，因为它们像汉语一样，名词前有属格词和数词。）They are extremely poor in adpositions: serial verb constructions replace most functions of adpositions in languages like English. （它们表示方位的词汇极端缺乏：一系列的动词结构，撑起了像英语等语言中方位词的重要功能。））For example, a construction translating as "be near" would be used where in English we would use a word like "in" or "at"（比如，在英语中我们使用“在……之内”或者“在”这样一个词的地方，它们将会使用一个意为“靠近”的结构。） Besides their tonality and lack of adpositions, another striking feature is the abundance of numeral classifiers and their use where other languages use definite articles or demonstratives to modify nouns.（除了它们的声调和方位词的缺乏，另一个引人注目的特点， 是它们丰富的数量词以及它们使用方式，在同一个句子成分中，别的语言会使用定冠词或者指示形容词来修饰名词。） [edit编辑] Proposed internal classification 提议的内部分类 Ethnologue lists 35 Hmong-Mien languages, some of which are mutually intelligible. The following classification follows Matisoff 2001. （世界少数民族语文研究院的Ethnologue网站列出了35种赫蒙-勉语，当中一些能相互理解。下面的分类，根据马提索夫[Matisoff]2001年的分类法。） Hmong (Miao) languages 赫蒙（苗）语 ? 'Gelo' 格罗语 Northern Hmong 北部赫蒙语 Xiangxi Miao (Red Miao) 湘西苗（红苗） Western Hmong西部赫蒙语 Libo Miao 荔坡苗语 Weining Miao 威宁苗语 Yi Miao Hmong proper (includes Hmong Njua (Blue/Green Miao), Hmong Daw (White Miao), and Magpie Miao) 赫蒙代表点（包括蓝/青苗语、白苗语和鹊苗语） Central Hmong 中部苗语 Qiandong Miao (Black Miao) 黔东苗语（黑苗） Longli Miao 龙里苗语 East Guizhou 贵州东部苗语 Patengic ? Pa-Hng  巴哼語 Yongcong (?) Mien (Yao) languages 勉（瑶）语 Iu Mien 优勉 Kim Mun 金门 Ba Pai (?)   In addition, the position of Ho Ne (Huo Nie) is obscure.（此外，活聶语[Ho Ne，即畲語]在分类表中的位置尚未确定。） For an examination of alternate schemes such as the one by Strecker and one prepared for Miao by Chinese linguists, see Bryce Schroeder's Hmong page. （想细查别的分类，如斯特拉克尔[Strecker]的，或中国语言学者对苗语的分类，请参看布赖斯.施罗德尔[Bryce Schroeder]的赫蒙网页。） [edit编辑] Further reading进一步阅读资料  [edit] References参考资料   英文原文出处： "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages"，Retrieved it on the date of 2011-02-10. 注：大卫语言工作室 黄达武助理研究员 提供汉译稿。英文原稿对所涉人、物的个人观点，不代表大卫语言工作室的观点。

土人香草

	很厉害呀，期待多一些成果出现，给大家分享

伤疤好咯

	楼主是否是身居奥洲的学子研究生贝侬？佩服呀，我英文都丢光了。

Robale

	像这样的内容，应该放在百科之类的网页下方便查找，放到论坛里很容易沉没。

黄达武

	苗语部分，有两个地方没有译出来，求网上众多侠客侠女们相助。先致谢！黄达武

黄达武

	报告“伤疤好咯”贝侬，黄达武目前在广西民语委服务，是该委研究室的普通工作人员。