《壮 族 文 化 概 论》
——作者：梁庭望*
前言
我的家乡是祖国的一块“远胜登仙去”的好地方，那儿“江作青罗，山如碧玉簪”，终年山花烂漫，绿也如茵。在那山奇水秀的峒场山弄里，居住着勤劳朴实的壮人。他们世世代代不断的耕耘，把祖国的南疆打扮得处处是桂林山水，峒峒是阳朔风光。我虽然离开故乡40多年，但梦魂总是萦绕乡情。由历史久远的民族所孕育的集体无意识的情结，已经融入到我的奔涌的血液里。情结导引着我企图去探讨一个少数民族中人口最多的民族。这是很艰难的，一个人又能做但是事情呢？我选取了文化学这个角度，选取了广义的文化，因为壮族对缔造祖国是出过力的，有过贡献的，它是民族大家庭中一个伟大的成员，有着极其灿烂的文化。时代为我探讨壮族文化提供良好的契机，在国家社会科学“九五”规划项目里，添列了这一项：壮族文化与现代化关系研究。
要研究壮族文化与现代化的关系，首先就要承认壮族有自己的文化。在世界上，之所以分出2000多个民族来，就因为他们有不同的文化传统，因此没有文化的民族是不存在的。虎豹无纹类犬羊，一个历史悠久的、顽强的民族，必定有自己生存的方式和技能。正因如此，炎州如织，大漠如海，雪山入云，林莽烟峰，风雨雷震，浊浪触天，蛇横大路，虎跃平阳，都挡不住人类的进化和发展。因此，对民族文化的探索、剖析，要用历唯物主义和辨证法。由于种种原因，要到教科书里去找民族文化是很难的，因为许多壮族年轻人都不大知道自己的民族从何而来，有何特点。鉴于此，本书一开始便按纵向梳理壮族文化的脉络，显露其嬗变的轨迹，审视其由粗到精，由小到大，由低到高的发展历程。而后按横向系统剖析其结构，对物质文化及精神文化的各个元素一一分析，再整合成较为系统和全面文化构架。这个纵横结构虽不能完全反映出壮族文化的全貌和辉煌，但它是可以给人们一个总体印象的。无论如何，我们有责任告诉世人，壮族之所以被国人注意并不仅仅在于它的人口众多，更在于它有悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。
研究一个民族的文化，可以有不同的角度和方法。但有一点是要注意的，那就是不为寻找历史碎片去钩沉。猎奇不应当是文化学的向导。就壮族的传统文化而言，它有许多优秀的东西，值得人们去挖掘，去分析，去继承，去弘扬，并成为民族前进的力量。一个丢掉传统的民族，必然要造成传承系统的断列和混乱，导致步伐的停滞，不利于发展。但是，壮族的传统文化是在自给自足的自然经济基础上产生的，它产生的土壤是贫瘠的。因此，对壮族文化要去粗取精，进行扬弃。毕竟我们不可能在原来的文化层次上实现现代化。在世纪之交，早信息时代，当科学和教育愈来愈成为一个民族生命之树常青的根基和血液时，壮族文化中从传统带来的一些症结正在干扰它前进的步伐。与国内先进民族相比，壮族滞后了，壮族是个大民族，人数在世界上排在60位左右，这在全球2000多个民族里是很靠前的，但它的经济状况和它的人口排行并不一致。壮族中有许多有识之士，壮族地区的各级政府公务员，何尝不对此费尽心力，希望壮族地区能较快改观，希望壮族能在祖国的振兴事业中作出与其人口相称的贡献。但这需要机遇，需要找出症结，用科学的判断去寻找振兴壮族文化的切口。
机遇终于降临，这就是改革开放。特别是90年代以来，世界风云突变，而中国的经济却在腾飞，令人瞩目，这给壮族文化的现代化提供了百年不遇的内部条件。壮族文化的现代化要靠党，靠政府，靠广大干部群众，任何个人是很难开出什么灵丹妙药的。笔者在第四编里的那些设想、建议，也许并不重要，重要的是参与，是我们虽为“区外游子“而依然心系壮乡的赤子直心。有些设想，诸如优先发展教育（尤其是职业技术教育）、更新观念、抓住一边一线机遇、调整和优化产业结构、大力发展三产等，是有一定普遍意义的。
壮族是一个有1600多万人口（1997年）的民族，主要分布在岭南的广阔地带。其中1500多万人分布于广西壮族自治区；87.1万人分布于云南省文山壮族苗族自治州，另有13万人分布于云南省其他县；约5万人分布于广东省连山壮族瑶族自治及怀集县等地；1.57万人分布于贵州省，酃东南苗族侗族自治州；5000多人分布于湖南省江华瑶族自治县等地；近3000人分布于四川省的宁南、木里、会东等地；1000余人分布于陕西省柞水县；4400多人分布在新疆维吾尔自治区；作为中国第二的民族，壮族的现代化对中华民族的振兴具有重要的意义。只要集思广益，群策群力，壮族文化现代化的伟业定能实现，壮族总有一天能以一个先进民族的面貌雄立于祖国的南疆。
目 录
前言·······················································（1）
第一编 总论···················································（1）
第一章 文化的定义、性质和特征··········································（3）
第一节 文化热及其背景·············································（5）
第二节 文化的定义和范围············································· (9)
第三节 文化的性质和特征·············································(13)
第四节 壮族文化的模式·············································（17）
第二章 原始社会及其文化··············································（24）
第一节 族源和族称··············································（25）
第二节 原始社会················································（34）
第三节 精神文化···············································（43）
第三章 奴隶会及其文化···············································（47）
第一节 东方奴隶制···············································（48）
第二节 奴隶制文化···············································（53）
第四章 封建社会及其文化··············································（59）
第一节 封建农奴制和地主制···········································（60）
第二节 封建制文化···············································（69）
第五章 近现代社会及其文化············································（75）
第一节 半殖民地半封建社会··········································（76）
第二节 近现代文化···············································（87）
第二篇壮族物质文化···············································（91）
第一章 生产工具··················································（93）
第一节 石器时代的生产工具···········································（95）
第二节 青铜时代的生产工具··········································（100）
第三节 铁器时代的生产工具··········································（107）
第二章 稻作农耕·················································（121）
第一节 水稻种植···············································（122）
第二节 其他粮食作物·············································（141）
第三章 狩猎、畜牧和饲养·············································（145）
第一节 狩猎·················································（147）
第二节 畜牧、饲养··············································（152）
第四章 林业园艺·················································（162）
第一节 漫长的森林开发史···········································（164）
第二节 实用林木的护理和栽培·········································（168）
第三节 经济林的栽培·············································（173）
第四节 果林及水果培育············································（176）
第五章 织染···················································（183）
第一节 织染历程···············································（185）
第二节 原料及织染技艺············································（189）
第三节 壮锦·················································（196）
第六章 捕捞与养殖················································（201）
第一节 捕捞与养殖简史············································（202）
第二节 淡水养殖···············································（204）
第三节 海洋鱼业···············································（209）
第七章 航运···················································（215）
第一节 航运历史···············································（217）
第二节 疏浚河道···············································（219）
第三节 造船术················································（222）
第四节 航海·················································（224）
第八章 交通贸易·················································（233）
第一节 壮族社会内部的交贸··········································（234）
第二节 与中原的商贸交往···········································（238）
第三节与西南地区的交贸···········································（242）
第四节 与番禺的贸易·············································（245）
第五节 海外贸易···············································（247）
第九章 陶瓷制造·················································（252）
第一节 壮族陶瓷发展的历程··········································（254）
第二节 制作技艺···············································（257）
第三节 功能及造型··············································（260）
第十章 冶练铸造·················································（265）
第一节 冶炼铸造历程·············································（266）
第二节 冶炼铸造技艺·············································（269）
第三节 金属器具构造及功能··········································（273）
第十一章 建筑··················································（281）
第一节 干栏·················································（282）
第二节 其他建筑···············································（288）
第三编 壮族精神文化··············································（297）
第一章 社会制度················································（299）
第一节 史前制度··············································（300）
第二节 奴隶制度···············································（306）
第三节 土司制度···············································（311）
第二章 兵制兵法················································（317）
第一节 兵制兵法简史············································（318）
第二节 芩家兵法··············································（323）
第三章 家庭和社会组织·············································（332）
第一节 家庭、家族和宗教··········································（333）
第二节 村落················································（337）
第三节 社会组织·············································（341）
第四章 教育··················································（346）
第一节 教育简史··············································（347）
第二节 民间教育··············································（351）
第三节 学校教育··············································（356）
第五章 科学················································（363）
第一节 种植科学··············································（364）
第二节 数理化的萌芽与利用·········································（370）
第三节 其他科学··············································（375）
第六章 《传扬歌》——壮族“道德经” ···································（379）
第一节 社会道德··················································（382）
第二节 做人规范·········································（383）
第三节 家庭伦理·················································（387）
第七章 壮医··················································（392）
第一节 壮医发展简史···············································（393）
第二节 诊断和治疗··········································（396）
第三节 壮药和单方···········································401）
第八章 哲学思想 ···············································（407）
第一节 氏族社会哲学的萌芽······································（408）
第二节 文明时代的百姓哲学······································（412）
第三节 上层文人哲学观········································（417）
第九章 民俗·················································（424）
第一节 生产习俗··········································（425）
第二节 生活习俗··········································（429）
第三节 礼仪习俗··········································（442）
第十章 宗教信仰···············································（450）
第一节 原始宗教··········································（451）
第二节 巫和巫教··········································（456）
第三节 道教、佛教及其他······································（463）
第十一章 节日···········································（467）
第一节 春天的节日···········································（469）
第二节 夏天的节日············································（476）
第三节 秋天的节日············································（480）
第四节 冬天的节日············································（483）
第十二章 语言文字·············································（487）
第一节 壮语················································（488）
第二节 文字·················································（496）
第十三章 文学艺术·············································（506）
第一节 文学·················································（507）
第二节 艺术·················································（512）
第三节 壮族文学艺术的结构和功能·······································（519）
第十四章 文体活动·············································（522）
第一节 文娱·················································（523）
第二节 棋类·················································（528）
第三节 体育·················································（531）
第四编 壮族文化与现代化·········································（539）
第一章 壮族文化的结构···········································（541）
第一节 壮族文化的三结构···········································（542）
第二节 壮族文化的多源结构··········································（551）
第二章 汉文化对壮族的深刻影响·······································（557）
第一节 汉文化影响的历史··········································（559）
第二节 汉文化影响的特点···········································（564）
第三章 壮族文化的功能··············································（575）
第一节 壮族文化的功绩············································（576）
第二节 壮族文化功能的衰竭··········································（584）
第四章 壮族文化重组的客观形势·······································（592）
第一节 壮族文化重组的必要性·········································（593）
第二节 文化重组的机遇············································（597）
第五章 壮族文化的现代化···········································（602）
第一节 重新部署教育格局··········································（603）
第二节 建构时代的心态············································（611）
第三节 调整和优化的心态···········································（617）
第四节 优化第二、第三产业结构·········································（623）
后记·······················································（632）
*注：梁庭望先生是中央民族大学教授，壮学权威专家。
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-8 0:02:02编辑过]
发表于 2004-6-7 23:38:00
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发表于 2004-6-8 09:22:00
