《壮 族 文 化 概 论》
——作者:梁庭望*
前言
我的家乡是祖国的一块“远胜登仙去”的好地方,那儿“江作青罗,山如碧玉簪”,终年山花烂漫,绿也如茵。在那山奇水秀的峒场山弄里,居住着勤劳朴实的壮人。他们世世代代不断的耕耘,把祖国的南疆打扮得处处是桂林山水,峒峒是阳朔风光。我虽然离开故乡40多年,但梦魂总是萦绕乡情。由历史久远的民族所孕育的集体无意识的情结,已经融入到我的奔涌的血液里。情结导引着我企图去探讨一个少数民族中人口最多的民族。这是很艰难的,一个人又能做但是事情呢?我选取了文化学这个角度,选取了广义的文化,因为壮族对缔造祖国是出过力的,有过贡献的,它是民族大家庭中一个伟大的成员,有着极其灿烂的文化。时代为我探讨壮族文化提供良好的契机,在国家社会科学“九五”规划项目里,添列了这一项:壮族文化与现代化关系研究。
要研究壮族文化与现代化的关系,首先就要承认壮族有自己的文化。在世界上,之所以分出2000多个民族来,就因为他们有不同的文化传统,因此没有文化的民族是不存在的。虎豹无纹类犬羊,一个历史悠久的、顽强的民族,必定有自己生存的方式和技能。正因如此,炎州如织,大漠如海,雪山入云,林莽烟峰,风雨雷震,浊浪触天,蛇横大路,虎跃平阳,都挡不住人类的进化和发展。因此,对民族文化的探索、剖析,要用历唯物主义和辨证法。由于种种原因,要到教科书里去找民族文化是很难的,因为许多壮族年轻人都不大知道自己的民族从何而来,有何特点。鉴于此,本书一开始便按纵向梳理壮族文化的脉络,显露其嬗变的轨迹,审视其由粗到精,由小到大,由低到高的发展历程。而后按横向系统剖析其结构,对物质文化及精神文化的各个元素一一分析,再整合成较为系统和全面文化构架。这个纵横结构虽不能完全反映出壮族文化的全貌和辉煌,但它是可以给人们一个总体印象的。无论如何,我们有责任告诉世人,壮族之所以被国人注意并不仅仅在于它的人口众多,更在于它有悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。
研究一个民族的文化,可以有不同的角度和方法。但有一点是要注意的,那就是不为寻找历史碎片去钩沉。猎奇不应当是文化学的向导。就壮族的传统文化而言,它有许多优秀的东西,值得人们去挖掘,去分析,去继承,去弘扬,并成为民族前进的力量。一个丢掉传统的民族,必然要造成传承系统的断列和混乱,导致步伐的停滞,不利于发展。但是,壮族的传统文化是在自给自足的自然经济基础上产生的,它产生的土壤是贫瘠的。因此,对壮族文化要去粗取精,进行扬弃。毕竟我们不可能在原来的文化层次上实现现代化。在世纪之交,早信息时代,当科学和教育愈来愈成为一个民族生命之树常青的根基和血液时,壮族文化中从传统带来的一些症结正在干扰它前进的步伐。与国内先进民族相比,壮族滞后了,壮族是个大民族,人数在世界上排在60位左右,这在全球2000多个民族里是很靠前的,但它的经济状况和它的人口排行并不一致。壮族中有许多有识之士,壮族地区的各级政府公务员,何尝不对此费尽心力,希望壮族地区能较快改观,希望壮族能在祖国的振兴事业中作出与其人口相称的贡献。但这需要机遇,需要找出症结,用科学的判断去寻找振兴壮族文化的切口。
机遇终于降临,这就是改革开放。特别是90年代以来,世界风云突变,而中国的经济却在腾飞,令人瞩目,这给壮族文化的现代化提供了百年不遇的内部条件。壮族文化的现代化要靠党,靠政府,靠广大干部群众,任何个人是很难开出什么灵丹妙药的。笔者在第四编里的那些设想、建议,也许并不重要,重要的是参与,是我们虽为“区外游子“而依然心系壮乡的赤子直心。有些设想,诸如优先发展教育(尤其是职业技术教育)、更新观念、抓住一边一线机遇、调整和优化产业结构、大力发展三产等,是有一定普遍意义的。
壮族是一个有1600多万人口(1997年)的民族,主要分布在岭南的广阔地带。其中1500多万人分布于广西壮族自治区;87.1万人分布于云南省文山壮族苗族自治州,另有13万人分布于云南省其他县;约5万人分布于广东省连山壮族瑶族自治及怀集县等地;1.57万人分布于贵州省,酃东南苗族侗族自治州;5000多人分布于湖南省江华瑶族自治县等地;近3000人分布于四川省的宁南、木里、会东等地;1000余人分布于陕西省柞水县;4400多人分布在新疆维吾尔自治区;作为中国第二的民族,壮族的现代化对中华民族的振兴具有重要的意义。只要集思广益,群策群力,壮族文化现代化的伟业定能实现,壮族总有一天能以一个先进民族的面貌雄立于祖国的南疆。
目 录
前言·······················································(1)
第一编 总论···················································(1)
第一章 文化的定义、性质和特征··········································(3)
第一节 文化热及其背景·············································(5)
第二节 文化的定义和范围············································· (9)
第三节 文化的性质和特征·············································(13)
第四节 壮族文化的模式·············································(17)
第二章 原始社会及其文化··············································(24)
第一节 族源和族称··············································(25)
第二节 原始社会················································(34)
第三节 精神文化···············································(43)
第三章 奴隶会及其文化···············································(47)
第一节 东方奴隶制···············································(48)
第二节 奴隶制文化···············································(53)
第四章 封建社会及其文化··············································(59)
第一节 封建农奴制和地主制···········································(60)
第二节 封建制文化···············································(69)
第五章 近现代社会及其文化············································(75)
第一节 半殖民地半封建社会··········································(76)
第二节 近现代文化···············································(87)
第二篇壮族物质文化···············································(91)
第一章 生产工具··················································(93)
第一节 石器时代的生产工具···········································(95)
第二节 青铜时代的生产工具··········································(100)
第三节 铁器时代的生产工具··········································(107)
第二章 稻作农耕·················································(121)
第一节 水稻种植···············································(122)
第二节 其他粮食作物·············································(141)
第三章 狩猎、畜牧和饲养·············································(145)
第一节 狩猎·················································(147)
第二节 畜牧、饲养··············································(152)
第四章 林业园艺·················································(162)
第一节 漫长的森林开发史···········································(164)
第二节 实用林木的护理和栽培·········································(168)
第三节 经济林的栽培·············································(173)
第四节 果林及水果培育············································(176)
第五章 织染···················································(183)
第一节 织染历程···············································(185)
第二节 原料及织染技艺············································(189)
第三节 壮锦·················································(196)
第六章 捕捞与养殖················································(201)
第一节 捕捞与养殖简史············································(202)
第二节 淡水养殖···············································(204)
第三节 海洋鱼业···············································(209)
第七章 航运···················································(215)
第一节 航运历史···············································(217)
第二节 疏浚河道···············································(219)
第三节 造船术················································(222)
第四节 航海·················································(224)
第八章 交通贸易·················································(233)
第一节 壮族社会内部的交贸··········································(234)
第二节 与中原的商贸交往···········································(238)
第三节与西南地区的交贸···········································(242)
第四节 与番禺的贸易·············································(245)
第五节 海外贸易···············································(247)
第九章 陶瓷制造·················································(252)
第一节 壮族陶瓷发展的历程··········································(254)
第二节 制作技艺···············································(257)
第三节 功能及造型··············································(260)
第十章 冶练铸造·················································(265)
第一节 冶炼铸造历程·············································(266)
第二节 冶炼铸造技艺·············································(269)
第三节 金属器具构造及功能··········································(273)
第十一章 建筑··················································(281)
第一节 干栏·················································(282)
第二节 其他建筑···············································(288)
第三编 壮族精神文化··············································(297)
第一章 社会制度················································(299)
第一节 史前制度··············································(300)
第二节 奴隶制度···············································(306)
第三节 土司制度···············································(311)
第二章 兵制兵法················································(317)
第一节 兵制兵法简史············································(318)
第二节 芩家兵法··············································(323)
第三章 家庭和社会组织·············································(332)
第一节 家庭、家族和宗教··········································(333)
第二节 村落················································(337)
第三节 社会组织·············································(341)
第四章 教育··················································(346)
第一节 教育简史··············································(347)
第二节 民间教育··············································(351)
第三节 学校教育··············································(356)
第五章 科学················································(363)
第一节 种植科学··············································(364)
第二节 数理化的萌芽与利用·········································(370)
第三节 其他科学··············································(375)
第六章 《传扬歌》——壮族“道德经” ···································(379)
第一节 社会道德··················································(382)
第二节 做人规范·········································(383)
第三节 家庭伦理·················································(387)
第七章 壮医··················································(392)
第一节 壮医发展简史···············································(393)
第二节 诊断和治疗··········································(396)
第三节 壮药和单方···········································401)
第八章 哲学思想 ···············································(407)
第一节 氏族社会哲学的萌芽······································(408)
第二节 文明时代的百姓哲学······································(412)
第三节 上层文人哲学观········································(417)
第九章 民俗·················································(424)
第一节 生产习俗··········································(425)
第二节 生活习俗··········································(429)
第三节 礼仪习俗··········································(442)
第十章 宗教信仰···············································(450)
第一节 原始宗教··········································(451)
第二节 巫和巫教··········································(456)
第三节 道教、佛教及其他······································(463)
第十一章 节日···········································(467)
第一节 春天的节日···········································(469)
第二节 夏天的节日············································(476)
第三节 秋天的节日············································(480)
第四节 冬天的节日············································(483)
第十二章 语言文字·············································(487)
第一节 壮语················································(488)
第二节 文字·················································(496)
第十三章 文学艺术·············································(506)
第一节 文学·················································(507)
第二节 艺术·················································(512)
第三节 壮族文学艺术的结构和功能·······································(519)
第十四章 文体活动·············································(522)
第一节 文娱·················································(523)
第二节 棋类·················································(528)
第三节 体育·················································(531)
第四编 壮族文化与现代化·········································(539)
第一章 壮族文化的结构···········································(541)
第一节 壮族文化的三结构···········································(542)
第二节 壮族文化的多源结构··········································(551)
第二章 汉文化对壮族的深刻影响·······································(557)
第一节 汉文化影响的历史··········································(559)
第二节 汉文化影响的特点···········································(564)
第三章 壮族文化的功能··············································(575)
第一节 壮族文化的功绩············································(576)
第二节 壮族文化功能的衰竭··········································(584)
第四章 壮族文化重组的客观形势·······································(592)
第一节 壮族文化重组的必要性·········································(593)
第二节 文化重组的机遇············································(597)
第五章 壮族文化的现代化···········································(602)
第一节 重新部署教育格局··········································(603)
第二节 建构时代的心态············································(611)
第三节 调整和优化的心态···········································(617)
第四节 优化第二、第三产业结构·········································(623)
后记·······················································(632)
*注:梁庭望先生是中央民族大学教授,壮学权威专家。
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-8 0:02:02编辑过]