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| | | | The Tai languages are a subgroup of the Tai Kadai The Tai-Kadai languages are a language family found in Southeast Asia and southern China. They were formerly considered to be part of the Sino-Tibetan family, but are now classified independently as the Tai-Kadai family. They may be related to the Austronesian language family. Some researchers have even proposed they are part of a larger Austric superfamily.
The Tai-Kadai languages originated in southern China, which is home to most of the Tai-Kadai subfamilies. Speakers of the Tai languages subgroup moved south into Southeast Asia in historic times, founding the nations that later became Thailand and Laos.
Most languages are known to belong to language families (called simply "families" for the rest of this article). An accurately identified family is a phylogenetic unit, i.e., all its members derive from a common ancestor. The ancestor is very seldom known to us directly, since most languages have a very short recorded history. However, it is possible to recover many of the features of the common ancestor of related languages by applying comparative method -- a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th-century linguist August Schleicher. It can demonstrate the family status of many of the groupings listed below.
The Tai languages include the most widely spoken of the Tai-Kadai languages, including Thai The Thai language is the official language of Thailand. The Thai name for the language is ภาษาไทย (phasa thai, meaning "the language of Thais"). Thai is part of the Tai languages group of the Tai-Kadai language family. The Tai-Kadai languages are thought to have originated in southern China, and some linguists have proposed links to the Austroasiatic, Austronesian, or Sino-Tibetan language families. It is a tonal and analytic language. The combination of tonality, complex orthography, relational markers and a different phonology can make Thai a difficult language for Westerners to learn.
[T]he national language of Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand is a country in southeast Asia, bordering Laos and Cambodia to the east, the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia to the south, and the Andaman Sea and Myanmar to the west. Thailand is also known as Siam, which was the country's official name until May 11, 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) means "free" in the Thai language. It is also the name of the Thai people - leading some inhabitants, particularly the sizeable Chinese minority, to still use the name Siam.
Lao Lao (ພາສາລາວ phaasaa laao) is the official language of Laos. It is a tonal language of the Tai family, and is closely related to the language of the north-eastern Isan region of Thailand. The writing system of Lao is an abugida and is closely related to the writing system used in Thai.
Lao language can be divided into five main dialects :
- Vientiane Lao
- Northern Lao (Luang Prabang)
- North-Eastern Lao (Xieng Khouang)
- Central Lao (Khammouan)
- Southern Lao (Champasak)
Laotian, the national language of Laos The Lao People's Democratic Republic is a landlocked country in southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (commonly known in the west as Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. The term Lao is most frequently used to refer to the dominant language and people of Laos. It is also a romanised form of the word Laos in the Lao language (ລາວ), the Thai language (ลาว), and probably other Tai languages. It is sometimes used in English to refer to the country as well, but romanisation standards hold that "Laos" is the preferred spelling.
..... Click the link for more information. , Myanmar Myanmar is a country in Southeast Asia, formerly known as Burma. The name of the country was changed in 1989, and this change of name has been officially recognized by the United Nations. However, some nations, such as the United States and United Kingdom, do not recognize this change of name, since they do not recognize the military government which instituted it. Today, many people use Myanmar, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw, regardless of their opinion of the military government.
..... Click the link for more information. 's Shan language
Shan language
The Shan language is related to the Thai language and is commonly called Tai Shan. It is spoken in Northeast Myanmar and in pockets in Thailand. It has 5 tones and is a part of the Thai languages group, which span from Northern Myanmar on the west through Southern China on the north, and Laos on the east.
Studies of the Shan people are complicated by the civil war within
..... Click the link for more information. , and Zhuang
The Zhuang language (Chinese: 壮语; pinyin: Zhuàngyǔ) is used by the Zhuang people in the People's Republic of China. Most of them live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang is an official language in that Region. Language use is however rapidly declining as the Zhuang assimilate to the Han Chinese.
Bouyei, considered a separate language in China, is actually just a slightly different standard form of Zhuang, used across the province border in Guizhou. There is a dialect continuum between Zhuang and Bouyei.
..... Click the link for more information. , a major language of southern China
- This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation).
China (Traditional Chinese: 中國, Simplified Chinese: 中国, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is an ancient cultural and geographic entity in continental East Asia with some offshore islands which since 1949 has been divided between the People's Republic of China (governing Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and the Republic of China (governing Taiwan and several outlying islands of Fujian Province).
..... Click the link for more information. .
Tai languages
- Central Tai languages (6)
- Zhuang language
The Zhuang language (Chinese: 壮语; pinyin: Zhuàngyǔ) is used by the Zhuang people in the People's Republic of China. Most of them live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang is an official language in that Region. Language use is however rapidly declining as the Zhuang assimilate to the Han Chinese.
Bouyei, considered a separate language in China, is actually just a slightly different standard form of Zhuang, used across the province border in Guizhou. There is a dialect continuum between Zhuang and Bouyei.
..... Click the link for more information. (China
- This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation).
China (Traditional Chinese: 中國, Simplified Chinese: 中国, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is an ancient cultural and geographic entity in continental East Asia with some offshore islands which since 1949 has been divided between the People's Republic of China (governing Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and the Republic of China (governing Taiwan and several outlying islands of Fujian Province).
..... Click the link for more information. )
- E language (China)
- Man Cao Lan language (Viet Nam)
- Nung language The Nung are an ethnic minority in Vietnam.
Population: Estimated to be more than 700,000.
Location: Provinces of: Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Thau Nguyen, and Tuyen Quang.
Language: The Nung language is part of the Tai languages (written script developed c. 17th century).
Sustenance: Agriculture; terraced hillside, paddy, orchard farming. Rice, maize, tangerine, persimmon. Prominent income from Anise. Handicrafts (bamboo, rattan, weaving), carpentry, iron forging.
..... Click the link for more information. (Viet Nam)
- Tày language (Viet Nam)
- Ts'ün-Lao language (Viet Nam)
- Northwestern Tai languages (1)
- Turung language (India)
- Northern Tai languages (4)
- Northern Zhuang language
The Zhuang language (Chinese: 壮语; pinyin: Zhuàngyǔ) is used by the Zhuang people in the People's Republic of China. Most of them live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang is an official language in that Region. Language use is however rapidly declining as the Zhuang assimilate to the Han Chinese.
Bouyei, considered a separate language in China, is actually just a slightly different standard form of Zhuang, used across the province border in Guizhou. There is a dialect continuum between Zhuang and Bouyei.
..... Click the link for more information. (China
- This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation).
China (Traditional Chinese: 中國, Simplified Chinese: 中国, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is an ancient cultural and geographic entity in continental East Asia with some offshore islands which since 1949 has been divided between the People's Republic of China (governing Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and the Republic of China (governing Taiwan and several outlying islands of Fujian Province).
..... Click the link for more information. )
- Nhang language (Viet Nam)
- Bouyei language The Buyi or Bouyei people (Self called: "Puyi", "Puzhong", "Burao", "Puman"; Chinese: 布依族; pinyin: bùyī zú) are an ethnic group living in southern China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.
The Buyi live in semi-tropical, high-altitude forests of Guizhou province, as well as in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, and speak a Tai language related to Zhuang. Traditionally, they practiced animism, although many have now converted to Christianity.
..... Click the link for more information. (Buyi) (China
- This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation).
China (Traditional Chinese: 中國, Simplified Chinese: 中国, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is an ancient cultural and geographic entity in continental East Asia with some offshore islands which since 1949 has been divided between the People's Republic of China (governing Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and the Republic of China (governing Taiwan and several outlying islands of Fujian Province).
..... Click the link for more information. )
- Tai Mène language (Laos)
- Southwestern Tai languages (29)
- Pu Ko language (Laos)
- Tai Long language (Laos)
- East Central Tai languages (21)
- Chiang Saeng languages (8)
- * Tai Dam language (Viet Nam)
- * Northern Thai language The Northern Thai language is the language of the people of Lannathai, Thailand. It is a Tai language, related to Thai and Lao. Northern Thai has approximately six million speakers, most of whom live in Thailand, with a few thousand in Laos.
Speakers of this language generally consider the name Yuan to be pejorative. They generally call themselves Khon Mueang (or Lannathai, or Northern Thai--or Western Lao, across the border). The language is generally known by one of these terms, or as Phayap. The term Yuan is still used for the distinctive Lannathai script, which is closely related to the old Thai Lue alphabet and the Lao religious alphabets. It also resembles the Burmese and Mon alphabets. (All these alphabets derive from the Old Mon alphabet.) The use of the ..... Click the link for more information. (Lanna, Thai Yuan) (Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand is a country in southeast Asia, bordering Laos and Cambodia to the east, the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia to the south, and the Andaman Sea and Myanmar to the west. Thailand is also known as Siam, which was the country's official name until May 11, 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) means "free" in the Thai language. It is also the name of the Thai people - leading some inhabitants, particularly the sizeable Chinese minority, to still use the name Siam.
..... Click the link for more information. , Laos The Lao People's Democratic Republic is a landlocked country in southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (commonly known in the west as Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. The term Lao is most frequently used to refer to the dominant language and people of Laos. It is also a romanised form of the word Laos in the Lao language (ລາວ), the Thai language (ลาว), and probably other Tai languages. It is sometimes used in English to refer to the country as well, but romanisation standards hold that "Laos" is the preferred spelling.
..... Click the link for more information. )
- * Phuan language (Thailand)
- * Song language (Thailand)
- * Thai language The Thai language is the official language of Thailand. The Thai name for the language is ภาษาไทย (phasa thai, meaning "the language of Thais"). Thai is part of the Tai languages group of the Tai-Kadai language family. The Tai-Kadai languages are thought to have originated in southern China, and some linguists have proposed links to the Austroasiatic, Austronesian, or Sino-Tibetan language families. It is a tonal and analytic language. The combination of tonality, complex orthography, relational markers and a different phonology can make Thai a difficult language for Westerners to learn.
..... Click the link for more information. (Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand is a country in southeast Asia, bordering Laos and Cambodia to the east, the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia to the south, and the Andaman Sea and Myanmar to the west. Thailand is also known as Siam, which was the country's official name until May 11, 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) means "free" in the Thai language. It is also the name of the Thai people - leading some inhabitants, particularly the sizeable Chinese minority, to still use the name Siam.
..... Click the link for more information. )
- * Tai Dón language (Viet Nam)
- * Tai Daeng language (Viet Nam)
- * Tay Tac language (Viet Nam)
- Lao-Phutai languages (4)
- * Lao language Lao (ພາສາລາວ phaasaa laao) is the official language of Laos. It is a tonal language of the Tai family, and is closely related to the language of the north-eastern Isan region of Thailand. The writing system of Lao is an abugida and is closely related to the writing system used in Thai.
Lao language can be divided into five main dialects :
- Vientiane Lao
- Northern Lao (Luang Prabang)
- North-Eastern Lao (Xieng Khouang)
- Central Lao (Khammouan)
- Southern Lao (Champasak)
..... Click the link for more information. (Laos The Lao People's Democratic Republic is a landlocked country in southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (commonly known in the west as Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. The term Lao is most frequently used to refer to the dominant language and people of Laos. It is also a romanised form of the word Laos in the Lao language (ລາວ), the Thai language (ลาว), and probably other Tai languages. It is sometimes used in English to refer to the country as well, but romanisation standards hold that "Laos" is the preferred spelling.
..... Click the link for more information. )
- * Nyaw language (Thailand)
- * Phu Thai language (Thailand)
- * Isan language Isan (or Isaan or Esarn) is the language of the Isan region of Thailand. It is a tonal language of the Tai family, and is closely related to Lao, but has also been much influenced by Thai. Phonology and the rules for determining tones vary in each dialect, but are generally similar to Lao. The vocabulary is largely the same as in Lao, except for the use of Thai loan words and neologisms. It was previously written using the Tua Tham script also used in Laos and northern Thailand, but since the introduction of Thai language schooling in the 1920s it has been written in the Thai script.
..... Click the link for more information. (Northeastern Thai) (Thailand The Kingdom of Thailand is a country in southeast Asia, bordering Laos and Cambodia to the east, the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia to the south, and the Andaman Sea and Myanmar to the west. Thailand is also known as Siam, which was the country's official name until May 11, 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) means "free" in the Thai language. It is also the name of the Thai people - leading some inhabitants, particularly the sizeable Chinese minority, to still use the name Siam.
..... Click the link for more information. , Laos The Lao People's Democratic Republic is a landlocked country in southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (commonly known in the west as Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. The term Lao is most frequently used to refer to the dominant language and people of Laos. It is also a romanised form of the word Laos in the Lao language (ລາວ), the Thai language (ลาว), and probably other Tai languages. It is sometimes used in English to refer to the country as well, but romanisation standards hold that "Laos" is the preferred spelling.
..... Click the link for more information. )
- Northwestern Tai languages (9)
- * Ahom language The Ahom language was spoken by the Ahom people who ruled most of Assam from the 13th century until the British occupation in 1838. The apex of Ahom rule was reached under King Rudra Singh (1696–1714).
The Ahom people and their language originated in Yunnan in south-west China and they migrated into the south-east Asian peninsula and northern Myanmar.
Ahom is classified as Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek. It has its own script.
..... Click the link for more information. (India - extinct. Modern Assamese
Assamese (অসমীয়া)
Spoken in: India, Bangladesh, Bhutan
Region: Asia
Total speakers: N/A
Ranking: See http://www.davidpbrown.co.uk/help/top-100-languages-by-population.html
Genetic
classification: Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Eastern Zone
Bengali-Assamese ..... Click the link for more information. is Indo-European.)
- * Aiton language (India)
- * Lü language (Lue, Tai Lue) (China
- This article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation).
China (Traditional Chinese: 中國, Simplified Chinese: 中国, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is an ancient cultural and geographic entity in continental East Asia with some offshore islands which since 1949 has been divided between the People's Republic of China (governing Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and the Republic of China (governing Taiwan and several outlying islands of Fujian Province).
..... Click the link for more information. , Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar)
- * Khamti language (India, Myanmar)
- * Khün language (Myanmar)
- * Khamyang language (India)
- * Phake language (India)
- * Shan language (Myanmar)
- * Tai Nüa language (China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos)
- Southern Tai languages (1)
- Southern Thai language (Pak Thai) (Thailand)
- Unclassified Southwestern Tai languages (5)
- Tai Ya language (China)
- Tai Hang Tong language (Viet Nam)
- Tai Hongjin language (China)
- Tai Man Thanh language (Viet Nam)
- Yong language (Thailand)
- Unclassified Tai languages (7)
- Kang language (Laos)
- Rien language (Laos)
- Tay Khang language (Laos)
- Tai Pao language (Laos)
- Tay Jo language (Viet Nam)
- Kuan language (Laos)
- Yoy language (Thailand)
Source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Tai%20languages
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-1 4:19:45编辑过]
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