Nong Zhigao (Zhuang: Nungz Ciqgaoh; Chinese: 侬智高; pinyin: Nóng Zhì Gāo; Vietnamese: Nùng Trí Cao) (1025—1055?) is a hero admired by the Zhuang people. His father was the head of local Zhuang people. According to the History of the Song Dynasty： Guangyuanzhoumanzhuan (《宋史.广源州蛮传》), as he became an adult he followed his father as the head of local Zhuang people in Quảng Nguyên (present-day Cao Bằng). At that time, the Zhuang people were oppressed by Jiaozhi (now northern Vietnam), so Nong Zhigao presented many treasures to Northern Song asking to be a member of Northern Song. But the Emperor of Northern Song refused. So he had no other choice but an uprising. He founded the Great South Country the area south west of the present day Nanning. But later he was beaten by General Di Qing from Northern Song. After that he and his people fled to Yunnan, Thailand and Laos.
侬智高(壮文: Nungz Ciqgaoh[Ciqgauh]; 汉文: 侬智高; 拼音: Nóng Zhì Gāo; 越文: Nùng Trí Cao) (1025—1055?) 是一位壮族人所钦佩的英雄。他的父亲是当地壮人的首领。根据《宋史.广源州蛮传》，他长大成人后便追随他的父亲，成为广源州（现高平省）当地壮人的一位头领。那时，壮人受交趾（今越南北部）的压迫，所以侬智高进献很多珍宝给北宋，请求成为北宋的一成员。但北宋的皇帝予以拒绝。他没有别的选择，唯有起义。他在如今南宁的西南部建立了大南国。但后来他被北宋的将军狄青击败。此后，他和他的人逃到了云南、泰国和老挝。
The modern-day veneration of Nong Zhigao and his father Nùng Tôn Phúc (儂存福) and his mother A Nùng in Cao Bằng province is closely tied to the shared regional identity of people from this region. Nong Zhigao remains a hero and a “man of prowess,” and worship includes practices that highlight the particular strengths of Nong Zhigao, including his willingness to face up to the aggression of both Song and Đai Viêt authorities and his ambition to unify and heighten the status of his region′s people. From the historical record, one can also see that, by the late 19th century, annual festivals devoted to the spirit of Nong Zhigao were regionally important. It is equally apparent that the appeal of these Vietnamese festivals extended beyond clan or ethnic affiliations to the general populace that has often included communities on both sides of the modern political border.
当今在高平省对侬智高、其父侬存福、其母阿侬的崇拜，和来自这一地区的人们共同拥有的地域身份识别有着非常密切的联系。侬智高依然是一位英雄，一个“有威力的男人”，对他的崇拜，包括如下实践：突出侬智高特有的力量，包括他自动自发地勇敢面对来自宋朝和大越双方统治者的侵略，以及想统一和提高当地人民地位的雄心。从历史文献来看，人们也可以知道，到了19世纪末，专门奉祀侬智高神灵的一年一度的节日，依然是地方上重大的事情。很明显，这些越南节日的吸引力，已经超越普通民众的宗族或民族的从属关系，节日的参与者，通常会包括来自现代政治边界双方的众多社区。
In stark contrast to the wealth of evidence for worship activity in northern Viet Nam, there is little confirmation in the Chinese historical record of the existence of temple sites dedicated to Nong Zhigao in China. In fact, most relevant Chinese sources only describe stelae and temples that honor the names of the Song generals who crushed Nong Zhigao′s bid for independence. Only in the last few years has the issue of a public memorial to Nong Zhigao in China been addressed. On January 8, 1997 a local group of Nong Zhigao′s descendants and their supporters from the Guangxi township of Jingxi (靖西) and the tiny village of Xia Lei (下雷) took the initiative to revive interest in this rebel′s life and deeds. The vice-director of the Center for Zhuang Studies in Nanning, Pan Qixu (潘其旭), had earlier been invited to Xia Lei to authenticate the discovery of the cave believed to be Nong Zhigao′s dwelling and storehouse at the time he founded his first kingdom. A modern stele was then erected on this site. A large group of provincial officials and leading academics from Guangxi reportedly attended the commemoration ceremony.
和越南北部崇拜活动众多证据形成鲜明对照的是，中国境内专门奉祀侬智高的庙址存在的历史记录很少得到确证。事实上，大多数中国有关的资料来源仅描述一些奉祀宋朝将军的石柱和寺庙，而这些宋朝将军无情粉碎了侬智高争取独立的努力。在中国，只是在近来的几年中，公开纪念侬智高的活动才开始忙乎起来。1997年2月8日，一个由来自广西靖西和下雷这样小村庄的侬智高后裔和他们的支持者所组成的当地群体，倡导重新关注这位反叛者的生平和功绩。潘其旭，在南宁的壮学中心的副主任，早早就被邀请到下雷，以证实发现了一个相信是侬智高建立他第一个王国时作为他居处和仓库的岩洞。在现场因此立起了一块崭新的石碑。据报道，一大群广西的省级官员和有名望的学者参加了纪念仪式。
This ceremony did generate some controversy. Funds for this stele had to be raised privately. Organizers of this event said that high-level political figures have avoided involvement in the project, voicing concerns over its “separatist” implications. Nevertheless, the goal of bringing Nong Zhigao back into the public eye was largely successful, as the long list of small donors to the stele installation suggested. A glance at the large donors list, however, reveals that 32 out of the 34 persons included had the surname Nong. This fact suggests that although distant Han officials fear that the memorial could be used to fan regional “Pan-Tai” sentiments, older clan associations may shape local identification with this site.
这个仪式确实引发了一些论战。立碑的资金不得不私下募集。这次活动的组织者说，因对它“分离主义者”的含意表示关注，高级别的政界人物避免卷入该工程中。然而，让侬智高重新得到公众关注的目标很大程度上成功了，立石碑小额募捐者长长的名单很好说明了这一点。然而，匆匆扫一眼大数额募捐者的名单，透露出这样的信息，
在所有的34名募捐人士中，其中32人的姓都是“侬”。这个事实说明，尽管关系较远的汉族官员担心纪念活动会被用来煽动地区的“泛-泰”情绪，但在这个地方，更古老的宗族联结才会形成当地的身份认同。
Local disputes aside, this recent Guangxi memorial and the continuing regional popularity of the temples in Viet Nam are signs that the region has recovered from the “dark days” of the 1980s when the Sino-Vietnamese border remained tense and frosty diplomatic relations curbed official crossborder activities. Communities that honor Nong Zhigao still span a region that contains many historical sites of bloody confrontation between Chinese and Vietnamese armies. However, these communities share a common thread of identity, preserved in part by a devotion to the figure of Nong Zhigao.
不理会当地纠纷的话，广西近来的这次纪念活动和越南侬智高庙在地方上不断提高的声望，标志该地区已从上世纪八十年代的“黑暗日子”中恢复，那时中-越边境关系紧张，双边如冰霜的外交关系阻止了官员的跨境活动。崇拜侬智高的众多社区依然横跨了这样的一个地域，该地域包括了许多中越军队之间血腥对抗的历史遗址。然而，这些社区分享共同的身份识别主线，这条主线得以保持，部分通过崇拜侬智高这样的人物来实现。
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See also 请参阅
英文资料出处:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong_Zhigao。
注：大卫语言工作室
黄达武助理研究员
提供汉译稿，旨在为对壮学感兴趣的读者提供英语相关的参考资料。英文原稿对所涉人、物的个人观点，不代表大卫语言工作室的观点。
发表于 2011-5-19 09:26:00
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发表于 2011-5-20 14:54:00
