侬智高失败后壮族和侬氏逃难与东南亚民族异化的关系
农贤生
(富宁县史志办公室,云南富宁663400)
<摘要> 侬智高反宋失败后,朝廷下令诛灭侬族和屠杀广西人民,迫使大批壮族跟随侬智高逃入大理国,邕州又派员到大理国勾结购智高,大理王为了沟通宋朝而查处侬氏,侬智高才率领侬氏族人逃到老挝和泰国"由于逃难的壮族杂居于异族异国之中,其后裔就异化为异族异国之民"至今他们仍视侬智高为带领始祖逃难的英雄
来崇敬"
关键词> 侬智高;壮族;异化
<中图分类号>K330.8 =文献标识码>A =文章编号>1671-3303(2005)03-0206-05
侬智高于1052年4月在安德州起兵反宋,1053年正月与狄青战,败于归仁辅,又退据特磨道抗击宋军至11月,然后率部4千遁入大理国"次年,由于朝廷诛灭侬族和屠杀广西人民,又有14万人跟随侬智高逃入大理国,少数逃到贵州地区"1055年后,由于邕州与大理国勾结/购智高0,查处侬氏,又迫使壮族3万人(多数是侬氏)逃到老挝!泰国"致使大批壮族异化为异族和异国之民"这是壮族历史上的一次大灾难"
1053年4月,狄青回京后,宋仁宗就下令诛灭侬族和屠杀广西人民,/附贼者多诛杀0"广西安抚使兼知桂州余靖就开始大骂大杀壮族了"他在5贺曲赦表6中说/蠢然獠族,素附交城,犬羊之众,聿成膏斧之诛0;在5桂上表6中说:/伏乞赫震天威,剪灭丑类,所以快四方之望,慑百蛮之心,臣之愿也0;在5贺生擒侬智高母表6中说:/犬羊之众,迎刃而亡,禽鸟之惊!弃巢而遁0;在5平蛮京观志6中说:/驱彼犬羊,敌此熊罴,血膏于原,弃甲于山,遗骸巨野,百里腥膻0;在5贺诛侬智高母表6中说:/元凶支党,先从原野之诛,以顽媪孽童,卒伏市朝之法0等等"
在余靖的号令下,头几年是出兵公开屠杀,后几年是秘密侦察暗杀,在广西,到侬宗旦再次起兵邕州和接受招安的1057年才停止,在特磨道,到侬夏卿!侬平!侬亮到邕州投诚1062年才停止,连续10年之久"在这惨绝人寰的屠刀下,壮族死了26万人,远逃14万人,使繁荣昌盛的壮族之乡变成了鬼哭狼地"可谓:
害民屠刀十年忙,
滇桂血腥壮山乡"
华国何有此大难,
千古独见这人寰"
逃难者为求生存,在三千里的日宿夜行途中,与饥饿!病魔!猛兽搏斗又死了不少亲人,悲痛至极"昆明铁路局退休干部侬鼎升先生调查了广西!云南各县后,在5侬智高出桂入滇访纪要6中说:/在宋王朝的镇压下,壮族人民被迫整村整寨地逃难,由于他们是侬军撤走后才逃难的,追赶侬军又被宋军阻隔,十分危险"勐腊县沙仁寨村民波温伴告诉笔者,他看到一本傣文书,描写他们祖先从广西逃出来的艰险情形,逃难者白天躲在山上,晚上星星出来才前行,一路上爬高山,过大河,风餐露宿,和饥饿病魔!毒蛇猛兽搏斗,走了很长时间才到安全地方"他们从桂西来到元江!绿春一带,行程数千里,定居下来后又碰到粮食!籽种!工具缺乏等等问题,不知道克服了多少困难才能生存下来,今天能有20万后裔,真是老天保佑"很多后裔知道自己祖先是从广西逃难来以后,思乡之情油然而生",,当初逃出来的不下十余万人"0(P157)"
根据云南省!州!县三级志书记载,广西和广南!富宁地区的壮族(沙人!侬人)除了逃到贵州外,逃到大理国的有13万多人,主要分布于滇南的文山!砚山!丘北!马关!西畴!麻栗坡!屏边!河口!蒙自!个旧!元阳!元江!金平!新平!石屏!绿春江城!普洱!勐腊!莱州(时属大理国,后划归越南)等20个县"
阴谋多端的余靖知道大批壮族跟随侬智高逃到大理国后,又1055年派遣知邕州萧注/募死士使大理国购智高"南诏久与中国绝0"/至是段氏始与宋通0"这就说明大理王为了沟通宋朝,经开展过查处侬氏的运动,才迫使壮族(多数是侬氏)第二次逃难到国外,侬智高就在这个时候率部进入老挝!泰国北部活动,曾经帮助老挝民族建立兰山王朝和泰国兰那王朝及素可泰王朝,影响很大"笔者参加了1999年4月在广西武鸣召开的壮学首届国际学术研讨会,听到老挝和泰国的专家!学者发言证实了这个问题"
老挝万象中华理事会!中文特聘译员!副教授通肯#坎塔古温介绍说:/十二世纪初,侬智高后裔部队有两万多人进入老挝,在丰沙里硼勃拉邦建立了兰山王朝,首府就在硼勃拉邦,当时挝人口只有30万人,国王叫三仙泰,侬军来了两万多,为数不少"丰沙里一带有不少侬军后裔,他们原姓中国姓,有侬!赵等很多姓,后来与老挝女子结婚,后代陆续与老挝同化,现在中国姓的已很少了,在硼勃拉帮现还有一些用广西方言的地名,让人想到这个地方与广西有关"0(P146)
泰国玛哈撒拉大学教授本翁#凯塔特又介绍说:/十二世纪初,侬智高后裔的部队到泰国北部参与建立了兰那王朝,有一部再到泰国中部参与建立了素可泰王朝,为泰国的早期统一作出过贡献0"(P146)
壮族和侬氏不仅居于老挝和泰国,后来还散居于越南!缅甸!锡金!尼伯尔!巴基斯坦等国家"云南省地矿局农有坚(广西德保县人,现居云南曲靖市)说:/我在云南接触许多侬氏,他们说侬智高的后裔还逃到锡金!尼伯尔!巴基斯坦去0"壮族逃难以后,由于杂居异地异族,有很多已异化为异族异国之民,只有在广西和云南文山州及部分地区的沙人!侬人还保持壮族称谓"逃难后的异化问题,许多专家!学者已作考察和论述"
笔者参加了2004年10月在南宁召开的中国)))东盟自由贸易区建设与壮泰族群发展学术研讨会,听了云南民委原政法处处长兼省民族工作队队长!现任云南民族学会和壮学研究会副会长何正廷先生发表的5从侬智高率部落籍元江探寻壮泰族群的历史关系6一文说:
“经查,南掌在老挝北部的琅勃拉帮,勐艮即缅甸南掸邦的景栋!勐勇在勐艮东部,整欠在西双版纳的勐龙!勐棒外至老挝芒能一带,勐龙!勐勇!南奔至泰国北部的清迈一带,居民皆属同类,古兰那王国(其地含清迈!景栋)国王芒莱,其父便叫叭老"以上南迁的侬人!沙人,亦与元江的同类一样融进傣族"笔者在勐腊!景洪及中老边境考察时得知,勐腊县的曼列!曼庄!曼迈等12寨沙人,现除了曼迈沙人坚持为壮族外,其余都成了傣族,景洪市勐龙地区的沙人,230多年前就号称有70余寨1000余户,现在也都完全变成了傣族"十余年的调查考实结果,使笔者初步得出这样的结论:侬智高起义失败后,率部退聚滇南,落籍元江,侬姓被改写为那姓,其后那姓又改为刀!封!罗!白和召(赵)姓,其部众后裔亦多数变为傣族,他们中的许多人还南迁到老挝!缅甸和泰国,成为老人!掸人和泰人的重要组成部分,给当地政治经济文化带来巨大的影响"近千年来,侬智高的部分后裔,仍缅怀祖先薪火相传,自强不息的美德,并念念不忘,世代传颂祖先的英雄业绩,直至今日"这或是泰!老!掸人把侬智高敬为神灵,奉为始祖的缘故"0(P254)
广西民族学院资深教授!研究东南亚民族专家范宏贵先生在5同根生的民族6第四章5迁徒的后浪#侬智高及其部众的南移6中说:
/侬智高这个历史人物,经过不断地演化,成为中国的壮族!越南的岱族和侬族!泰国的泰族!缅甸的掸族所崇敬的神,有的还说成是始祖",,岱族!侬族的农姓族谱也说他们是侬智高的裔"越南保乐)))名襄安府)))世袭知府农宏义,侬智高后也"在越南的岱族!侬族中也广泛流传有侬智高的传说!神话,视其为民族雄,是保护神"在离高平省会高平镇五公里远的和光县永光乡板银村!民主乡板茹村!河广县塑河乡谷旺村,现在还有侬智高祠庙,每年阴历正月初一至初十,当地的岱族!侬族群众都到这些庙祀拜,十分隆重"有的人认为,侬智高是一位没有死去的英雄,还活在天宫"在高平省广渊县!复和县也有两座祭祀侬智高的庙宇"岱族还崇拜侬智高的母亲阿侬,说她是鸡鸭的保护神",,有一位名叫玛哈的泰国学者,自称是侬智高的后裔,到侬智高的故乡寻根",,泰国总理府秘书处华文资料泰史考核委员会委员,已70高龄的李沛然先生对余达佳(原广西壮学会会长)说:-侬智高在泰国的影响很大,尤其是泰北,泰人认为他是泰民族的雄".0
元江县外经局干部白云先生考察元江水傣的历史后,在5元江水傣和侬智高初探6一文中说:/在滇西南美丽富饶的元江河谷,居住着一勤劳勇敢的民族,因为他们住在水边,人们便称其为-水傣."但他们却自称为-傣腊.,含意是-掉队的部落."相传他们的祖先是从石屏红河方向迁徙过来的,因为大部队已经往西双版纳去了,他们落在后面没有赶上,看到元江河谷土地肥沃,气候适宜,就定居下来,开发土地!繁衍生息,现在元江河谷的水傣有30多个村寨,2万多人"水傣原是沙人和侬人,1957年全国进行民族归系时,因语言习俗接近傣族,便将其归入傣族",,近年壮族学者来考察,从所见的服装看,水傣应是沙人,而惠远!定南被划为哈尼族的沙人应为侬人",,水傣民间一直盛传着一个动人的故事和一件令人深思的历史事件,传说水傣的首领叫-启发傣."又说古时水傣的首领称为-褒汗.,-褒.是壮语对长者的尊称,-汗.是他带着男女各三千人来到元江,常和汉人打仗,以后就死在元江"一天,启发傣准备去杀死恶龙,为民除害,他的-天司.认为很危险,劝他不要去,但启发傣执意要去,-天司.劝不过,只叮嘱他当心,告诫他进洞后不论见到什么动物,都要斩除,不能留任何生命"启发傣究竟是什么人呢?值得深思"0(P261)
笔者认为,白先生提出的/启发傣0置疑,正是元江水傣纪念侬智高的原称"/褒汗0是水傣的首领,也是侬智高的部将"/天司0就是天子侬智高"/启发傣0是壮族侬语,侬语称男子为/已!启0,称天为/发0,/傣0是族名,意为侬智高天子之族,所以/启发傣0不是首领,而是族名,传说走异而已"褒汗是侬智高族,侬智高在元江/下罗盘0,看风水是个好地方,才给他率部定居下来,他就定名为启发傣,以纪念侬智高天子,又与当地的黑傣!花傣支系相区别"因此,元江水傣不是当地傣族自身发展的支系,也不是壮族同化为傣族的分支,而是壮族逃难到这里直接改名的"褒汗改为那姓,是受大理国查处侬氏的威胁而改的,当时连侬智高也改为赵姓,如果不受什么威胁,侬智高是不许侬姓改为那姓的,他自己也不会丢掉祖宗的侬姓,也不会率部逃到老挝去,所以褒汗死后称为那氏祖坟"
昆明铁路局退休干部!现任云南省壮学会顾问侬鼎升先生调查了红河县后,在5侬智高出桂入滇采访纪要6中说:/红河县有侬智高后裔700余户,阿扎乡200余户,石头寨乡100多户,甲寅乡300多户,原从石屏和元江方向迁来,已变成哈尼族0"侬阿三说:/我们是50年代初民族归系时划为哈尼族的,1958年才改为姓侬0"侬克斗又说:/我们的祖先是元那知府(土司),土改时工作队说我们在元江的祖先是姓侬,叫我们改过来0"侬理才说:/据祖辈口传,我们老祖先,曾出生过一个皇帝,可惜没有出头0"他家神堂上中间贴/天地君亲师位0,左边贴/侬氏宗亲香位0,右边贴/灶神0!/财神0!/土地0之位"这和广南侬姓神堂一样,证明他们也是侬智高的后裔0"(P153)
绿春县陆保和先生在5绿春哈尼族哈欧支系与侬智高相关的情况调查6一文说:/在哈尼族人口中,有一支风俗习惯与众不同的特殊群体)))哈欧"虽然被称为哈尼族,但长期以来,却保留着自己独特的社会习俗"据老人相传,他们的祖宗是侬族,来自遥远的广西,因为宋时随侬智高起义失败后,离乡背井,辗转来到广南,进入元江,最后才落籍到绿春的,初到绿春时有12姓:即陶!张!罗!德!何!陆!卢!博!黄!朱!王!盘,共有1970户,10133人,最初是居于大兴镇岔弄村委会,后来发展到马宗!老边!三猛乡的桐珠!骑马坝乡的玛玉等村委会"哈欧人相传原是广西侬族,住在一个平坦广阔,河流纵横的地方,其首领姓侬,后被外族入侵杀掠,没被杀绝的侬人就跟着首领侬智高来到广南,不几年又来到元江县,仍枕戈待旦,保持其军事组织"哈尼族称侬军为哈欧麻然,意为哈尼族雇来的队伍"哈欧之名即由此而来0"(P267)
贵州地方志说,贵州也有侬智高后裔,可能来自两个方面:一是侬智高第九子农克才逃到湖南武冈一带,这里接近贵州,其后裔可能迁入贵州生息;二是富宁地区有83个村的沙人几乎逃光,多数逃到大理国,少数逃入贵州,形势安定后,有的秘密回乡,有的仍居贵州,其后裔现称布依族"实际上,贵州的布依族和富宁壮族布越布土支系相同,解放后因为政区不同才归系不同而已"
笔者几年来专门调查侬智高家族的逃难及分布情况,到了那坡!靖西!德保!天等!隆安!大新!崇左!百色!田阳!武鸣!广南!富宁等县进行采访调查,获得50多部农氏族谱和口碑资料,知道在壮族逃难中,侬智高家族的逃难更加酷苦"但由于他们按照侬智高的逃难计划趋向,全部逃脱了朝廷灭族的屠刀,没有哪个被擒杀,所以笔者敢下这个结论:5宋史#广源州蛮传6和5续通鉴6所载的侬智高在大理被杀;侬智高母阿侬!弟智光!子继封!继宗在京师伏诛等,完全是欺人之谈"
根据族谱记载和口碑内传,反宋失败之前,侬智高就意料到朝廷要诛灭侬氏九族,就在木腊关(今富宁县与那坡县相邻的板仑乡木腊村)召开侬族会议,提出/全族离乡,分散逃匿0的逃难计划"那坡县龙滕屯农氏族谱记载了这个逃难计划是/不已合族,联络商议"为今之计,必系南徒"改名换姓,全族乡离"去人为农,以避祸计"协同妥议,定走三处"滇越与西,不许别之"三支之人,分避三区"各人避难,俱属边域"家业星散,一族受屈,男女分散,若无天日,狼毒已甚,毫无阴隙"呜呼惨状,言难尽述"不念畴昔,功盖环宇0"
按照逃难计划,侬智高家人于1053年已全部逃出所居的特磨寨(今广南县城附近),侬智高带领部分妻子儿女向西到大理国;侬智会及其子农进安逃到邻近交趾的那坡县边区;侬智科是小子,服待生母阿侬和继父侬夏卿先匿于特磨寨以东15里的丝苇地方,次年又转入大山荒野的驮娘江大峡谷(今富宁县与田林县交界处),这就是/三支之人0"侬智高还有个弟,也是侬智会的哥叫侬智德,有的称智结,已早亡,这时不在世了"
1055年后多年内,大理清洗侬氏族人,这时特磨还有宋朝特务,但广西知桂州萧固已招安侬宗旦,处境宽松一些,侬智高又把部分妻子儿子发回广西各地藏匿,依靠亲戚!朋友和百姓帮助保护,侬智高怕朝廷一网打尽,都安排各逃一方,侬智高的长子侬兴球(后改为农克刚)1053年正月战败于归仁辅后,侬智高安排他和白医生到大理求援,后来被人投毒昏死,复活后改为赵姓,假装痴人,逃到大理山区隐居,十多年后又被人家识破是侬人,又返回广西德保燕峒一带隐居"二子农克峻从大理国返回广西崇左县与堂叔侬全兴一起隐居于太平边区"三子农克盛从大理国返回广西靖西县边区"四子农克昌从大理国返回广西天等县高州,改为空姓,至元朝其裔出任都结州土官才改为农姓"五子农克隆从大理国返回广西那坡县边区与侬智会隐居,后来迁往越南保乐一带定居"六子农克祯从大理国返回广西天等县上映隐居"七子农克祥跟随侬智会逃匿于广西那坡县区"八子农克振,改为克喜随母从广南逃到广西田阳县奉议一带"九子农克才从大理国返回特磨,由伯祖公侬威的后裔带到湖南武冈一带隐居,元朝有一支迁来广西南宁地区定居"十子生于特磨,名不清,仅得三!四岁,随母匿于广南阿用村,十一子生于元江,改为那姓,名不清"其裔于元朝出任元江土司官"女儿名不清,匿于广南阿科乡坝美村"妹侬智英逃于丘北县双龙营"堂叔侬全兴!全喜!全宽从崇左县太平逃居太平边区和左州边区"侬全兴之子侬宗旦及其子农日新逃到邻近交趾的靖西县岳圩"伯祖公侬威的后裔及侬夏诚等亦从特磨洞逃居边区,1062年侬夏卿!侬平!侬亮到邕州,接受招安以后才回来,所以能保留侬姓"
侬智高的子女逃难的时间最长,处境最恶,虽然北宋已招安侬宗旦!侬夏卿!侬平!侬亮!侬智会!侬智科的长子农兴流和次子农兴畴,但侬智高的子孙到了南宋还不敢出头露面"因为宋朝狄青收兵后留下特务,如坐镇特磨富宁地区的沈达,就专门侦察和暗杀侬智高家人"沈达就是狄青部将沈勇,司马光5涑水记闻6卷13说:/沈勇有智略,若专以智高之事委之,使先以威齐众,然后用之,必能辩贼,幸陛下无以为忧也,上曰善0"因此,侬智高的子女不敢复居特磨,直至南宋时期,农克明在德保燕洞一带生子六男,仍怕一网打尽而分居各地,一男逃居靖西县邻近交趾的吞盆,二男逃居与交趾相邻的龙邦下醒圩,三男逃居德保县足荣乡,其裔又移马隘乡,四男居德保府城,五男居燕洞乡石屯,六男居中军甲,现在后裔齐齐,说明当时已逃脱了险阻"
到了元朝,侬智高的子孙才能目睹青天,开眼见日"因为元朝反宋是侬智高反宋的继续,重用侬智高子孙,侬智高子孙也积极参加元朝反宋,立功者提拔为官,如广南土司侬郎恐,都结州土官农应广,元江那氏土司都是元朝起家的"恩城州(今大新县恩城乡)改侬姓为赵姓的土官赵胜保也敢于元朝至正九年(1348年)撰诗刻崖赞扬侬智高的抗交反宋精神:
戈甲相持对垒围,
旗开金鼓震如雷"
城池紧闭关难破,
山寨高悬峰未摧"
心上文韬论军政,
眉中武略使兵回"
从今州治平安在,
将业中兴民物归"
诗意是反映侬智高父子在今大新县下雷镇岜特山颠建筑的抗敌山寨城池,又名侬王山寨,其南面就直接虎视着交趾国境"句解于下:
/戈甲相持对垒围,旗开金鼓震如雷0"是说侬智高坚守这个山寨与交趾对抗,每次战争的声势都很大"
“城池紧闭关难破,山寨高悬峰未摧0"是说山寨内有5个弄场及城门都很坚固,因为居高临下,尽管交趾怎样强攻都不能克入"
/心上文韬论军政,眉中武略使兵回0"是说侬智高文化较高,又有军事政治理论知识,出兵打到广州不克,又北伐全州,眼见阻敌较多,就回师邕州,保存实力
"从今州治平安在,将业中兴民物归0"是说到了今天元朝执政,侬智高家族掌权的恩城州可以平安下去了,侬智高将军的事业得以复兴了,民心也归顺了"
元朝有了宽松的政治形势,侬智高的后裔才得到安居乐业,至今已生息40代左右,子孙发达,主要分布在广西德保!靖西!那坡!隆安!天等!大新!崇左!扶绥!平果!武鸣!宁明!龙州!百色!田阳!南宁;云南广南!富宁!畴!文山!红河!元江!绿春;湖南西南部!贵州南部;越南保乐!高平等地"居越南者,不仅是宋代的农克隆,清代还有农克明两支!农克昌三支迁往越南,与农克隆的后裔相杂居,越北的何广!何安!高平!广渊!原平!天独!代兄!保乐等地的农姓就是他们的后裔"清代保乐州土官农氏就是农克隆的子孙,所以和广南侬土司称兄道弟,来往非常密切"到了民国时期,由于战乱不停,社会扰攘,路匪猖獗,才很少来往"
侬智高是儒家子弟,因为他的祖公侬猷是山东青州人,带来中原文化传教子孙"农氏族谱说侬猷是/当
在宋时,乡学黉官"依古榜试,考取文童"文武科甲,场试全红"0因此,壮乡还没有汉文教学的北宋中期,侬智高已成为壮乡豪"明黄佐5广西通志6卷17说:/溪峒地区读书应举(进士)者,史载仅侬智高一人而已0"侬智高反宋失败后,很多家族不愿给子女当官,但都以侬智高刻苦学习为榜样,教育子孙认真读书,南宋以来文人不乏,每个家族都有族普记载,这就是本族文人的文化遗产"解放以后,每个支系都有人参加党政工作,最多是广南支系,农克明支系和农克昌支系,各有百余人,侬克昌在天等高州的后裔已有两人留学德国"大官和武官甚少,但文人和公务员众多,整个家庭的后裔估计不少于40万人,仍属于强宗之族"
儒教熏陶的家族既重视文化素质,又重视纪念祖宗,因此,侬智高的子孙不论逃到什么地方都祭拜先祖侬智高,有的立庙集会祭拜,有的在家中祭祀,但由于朝廷骂侬智高太多了,只有采取隐晦方式来祭拜"如广南侬土司有个白马庙,前堂是奉祭山东白马的祖宗,后堂则祭侬智高"越南高平附近有个岑卯庙,实则专祭侬智高"天等县农村有老彝庙,也是专祭侬智高"壮族农村都有土地庙,内置两个香炉,一个祭古代部族首领,一个祭炎帝神农和侬智高"因为壮族认为侬智高生前爱国护民有功,死了也要他的灵魂来保护人民,所以把侬智高当作神灵!神农来崇敬和祭拜"说明侬智高不愧是一个顶天立地的壮族英雄和中华民族英雄"
注释:
谢启昆5广西通志6卷184"
谢启昆5广西通志6卷185"
黄昌礼编5侬智高问题论文资料集6"
5续通鉴6卷55"
清道光28年5广西府志6"
RelationsBetweenBeingRefugeesofZhuangPeopleafterNongZhigao
WasDefeatedandNationalAlienationinSouth-eastAsia
NONGXian-sheng
(TheOfficeofFuningCountyAnnals,FuningYunnan663400,China)
Abstract:AfterNongZhigaowasdefeatedintherevoltagainstSong,theimperialcourtgaveorderstowipeoutallNong
peopleandtomassacerGuanxipeole,thisforcedalargenumberofNongZhuangtofollowfleeingtoDalistate.Yongstatesent
officialstogangupwithDaliforNongZhigao.shead,andthekingofDalidealtwithNongpeopleinordertosetrelationswith
Song,thusNongZhinaohadtoleadhispeopletoLaosandThailand.Thepeoplewhofledtherelivedamongdifferentnationali2
tiesoutsidetheirhomeland,andthealienationoccurredtotheirdescendants.However,uptonow,theystillrespectNongZhigao
astheirherowholedtheirfirstancestorstofleefromcalamity.
Keywords:NongZhigao;Zhuangpeople;alienation
第3期 文山师范高等专科学校学报 Vol.18 No.3
2005年9月 JOURNALOFWENSHANTEACHERSCOLLEGE Sep.2005
繲收稿日期:2004-05-10
作者简介:农贤生(1938-),男,壮族,云南富宁人,云南富宁县志办公室原主任!主编"
标点符号不正确的很多,文字错漏的也有。贝侬能校对编辑一下吗?
錯了,寮泰等國歷史是始於蒙古人滅大理國之後的事情的耶,在漢朝時期,泰人先民已經建立衷牢等國的耶。
傣系跟僚人的發展已經一早分家了耶。
以下引用北姑的发言:
錯了,寮泰等國歷史是始於蒙古人滅大理國之後的事情的耶,在漢朝時期,泰人先民已經建立衷牢等國的耶。
傣系跟僚人的發展已經一早分家了耶。
我是说,泰人的先民应该在秦始皇入侵时从岭南一带逃到泰国,这与在汉朝时期建立哀牢国没有时间上的矛盾。
以下引用北姑的发言:
錯了,寮泰等國歷史是始於蒙古人滅大理國之後的事情的耶,在漢朝時期,泰人先民已經建立衷牢等國的耶。
傣系跟僚人的發展已經一早分家了耶。
我是说,泰人的先民应该在秦始皇入侵时从岭南一带逃到泰国,这与在汉朝时期建立哀牢国没有时间上的矛盾。
泰人先民是從雲南遷到今泰國的耶,衷牢國在今雲南傣人地方耶,沒有證據顯示,雲南的是從嶺南遷入的耶,你不會說布依人先民沒有貴州土著,都是從嶺南遷入的吧?
泰人先民是從雲南遷到今泰國的耶,衷牢國在今雲南傣人地方耶,沒有證據顯示,雲南的是從嶺南遷入的耶,你不會說布依人先民沒有貴州土著,都是從嶺南遷入的吧?
北姑被旧有的泰老史观给禁锢了。恰恰相反,最新的泰史研究成果是,泰人是直接从广西西南部和越南红河流域直接迁入现在的泰老地区,云南的傣人则是从泰老地区沿着河流往上走而形成的新泰人支系,从泰语的音系比傣语音系更加接近古壮泰语的形式、泰语音系比傣语音系更加接近壮语南部方言音系的现状也可以证实这一点。现在云南傣族的分布几乎全部都是在河边,河流中间的山地则完全是其他民族的分布地区,所以各地傣族之间是被许多山脉和其他民族人群所隔离的,俯瞰傣-泰族群的分布图,以傣-泰人密密麻麻分布的泰-老两国为中心,而傣族则是呈海棠叶的纹理状向各条河流上游延伸,这种分布状态也可以想象出傣族是后来延伸的部分。云南傣-泰族群研究专家何平先生于近年出版的《从云南到阿萨姆》一书,也从大量的史料矛盾和壮泰对比的民族学和语言学证据去否定了滇越、掸国等是傣-泰先民的旧有泰老史观,进而证明了岭南百越人才是今天泰-老-傣-掸人的直系先民。
对,壮泰民族研究专家范宏贵先生著作的《同根生的民族》一书,就从大量的史学、民族学、语言学等证据去证实了你的想法。他在该书中将侬氏兵败之后的壮人大量西迁,比喻成是壮人向泰老迁徙的最后一波。
北姑被旧有的泰老史观给禁锢了。恰恰相反,最新的泰史研究成果是,泰人是直接从广西西南部和越南红河流域直接迁入现在的泰老地区,云南的傣人则是从泰老地区沿着河流往上走而形成的新泰人支系,从泰语的音系比傣语音系更加接近古壮泰语的形式、泰语音系比傣语音系更加接近壮语南部方言音系的现状也可以证实这一点。现在云南傣族的分布几乎全部都是在河边,河流中间的山地则完全是其他民族的分布地区,所以各地傣族之间是被许多山脉和其他民族人群所隔离的,俯瞰傣-泰族群的分布图,以傣-泰人密密麻麻分布的泰-老两国为中心,而傣族则是呈海棠叶的纹理状向各条河流上游延伸,这种分布状态也可以想象出傣族是后来延伸的部分。云南傣-泰族群研究专家何平先生于近年出版的《从云南到阿萨姆》一书,也从大量的史料矛盾和壮泰对比的民族学和语言学证据去否定了滇越、掸国等是傣-泰先民的旧有泰老史观,进而证明了岭南百越人才是今天泰-老-傣-掸人的直系先民。
即是傣人乃泰人形成之後才分出來的一個分支乎?傣人比泰人更加......
若果讓某傣哥見到的話.......
他曾經說過,幸得上天照顧,傣人比泰人血統更純耶。
北姑的资讯其实蛮落后的,不知道泰国已经有不少学者承认了这一点,洋人们也开始对这个新的泰老史学观点进行研究了。
所谓洋人们的历史观,并非一定是正确的,在泰人研究上,同样的洋人,有的洋人学者提出泰人是从中国新疆的阿尔泰山迁徙来的,所谓证据就是这座山有个音节是“泰”的发音,北姑你信乎?泰人发源地的研究上,洋人们还有还有甘肃、陕西的说法,还有云南省大理国的说法,还有长江流域的说法,也有珠江流域的说法,众说纷纭,北姑你相信哪个好呢?作为我来说,我会相信证据充实的说法,而不会像你一样随便在网络上搜索到第一个资料就先入为主,其它资料就是你质疑的对象了。泰国国家历史博物馆里,地图上将珠江标写为长江,曾经有不少中国人当场和博物馆人员指出这个错误,但是据说一直没有修正呢。泰国人是君主立宪制的国家,在大多数泰国老百姓心目中,国王的面子很重要,承认泰人是外来的民族,等于说国王也是外来的,这是很难于接受啊,所以泰国本土人很少人去谈这个问题呢,泰国有些学者也还在千方百计的证实泰国人是土著民族呢。
北姑絕對沒有資格去評論,而只能接收外間的資料耶。
至於普遍接受程度如何,還是要看泰人本身耶。
泰人的歷史,就是跟高棉王國的爭鬥開始耶,結果高棉王國要從吳哥遷都至金邊耶。
若果說泰人先民是從嶺南遷至今泰國的話,如果經過交趾/駱越、占人及高棉人地方而沒有衝突的話,就不知道耶。
泰人主流也並不認為泰人是土著耶,只有柬埔寨主流才認為他們是土著耶。
至於泰人嶺南源出論,是否又是高句麗的另一個”中國威脅論”的版本呢?就無力置評耶。
自我中心論,任何人都會有的耶。
詩琳通的網頁資料還沒有”更新”耶,不過我看不懂那些關於暹羅人的泰文耶。
http://www.sac.or.th/database/ethnic/siamese.html
有人作考古,根據出土文物,以陶瓷來考據,泰人先民乃來自雲南的耶。
至於大陸學者的語言學比較,就無力置評耶。
你又错了,学术的东西不是说谁同意才是正确的,现代人类包括中国人在内,都是非洲古人的后代,这是目前最权威的研究成果,并不因为大多数中国人认为自己是北京猿人的后代而拒绝承认这点可以改变。谁掌握最丰富的资料和最有力的证据,就可以置评。大陆的学者也不是个个都懂得壮泰老傣掸,而研究这方面的学者都是知道壮-泰语资料的,也有大量的史学证据,更懂得民族学、历史学的东西,我虽然也不是专业水平,但是比北姑你多了几个强项,如母语壮语,如学习过泰语,如研习过语言学、民族学的常识,我当然可以从逻辑上评判哪些研究成果是合理的,哪些是牵强的。
http://www.asia-art.net/thai_ceramic.htm
T H A I C E R A M I C S
Thai ceramics are ranked among the finest in the world. Because of the small number of remaining written records, ceramics have helped historians to find out more about the history of the Thai people.
Ban Chiang : Prehistoric Pottery
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Ban Chiang is on the Korat Plateau in north eastern Thailand. It is the plateau where the discovery of beautiful thousands year-old pottery were found. Previously this area was thought to be an uncivilized backwater, although it actually possessed a highly developed culture that had a great impact on the whole region. The deepest levels at Ban Chiang can be dated to B.C. 3,600. The early pots are undecorated or have simple pressed or incised patterns. The ones from later periods are superbly shaped vessels of buff color clay decorated with swirling, fingerprint-like designs. Besides pots, Ban Chiang made many types of ceremics such as vases, jars, animal figurines, ladles, crucibles, phalli, spindle whorls and beads. Unglazed, low-fired pottery has been found at other sites throught Thailand. One of the major ones is at Ban Kao in Kanchanaburi province, north eastern of Thailand. From Ban Kao, the historians found distinctive earthenware pieces including tripod vessels with hollow tapering legs. Another site with particular fine examples was unearthed in the 1980's at Ban Prasat. Ban Prasat ware is typically in black or red clay. The pieces have less decoration than Ban Chiang, but the shapes are equally distinctive.
When Ban Chiang wares first appeared, they were priced very high in the antique markets of the world. This resulted in a flood of cleverly repaired and repainted pieces as well as "genuine fakes". The fake Ban Chiang pieces were made in the same way and from the same materials by skilled craftsmen. It is extremely difficult to tell the real from the false without examination by an expert.
Sukothai Kiln
The Thai people were thought to have moved south from China moving down from South China into Vietnam, Laos and finally theChaopaya River Basin. There then followed a long period of Khmer rule. The Thai people finally broke free from the Khmer yoke in the 13th century. The Great Thai King Ramkamhaeng of Sukothai was the founder of the modern state and was the King that brought potters from China to set up the famous Sukothai kiln.
Around 1300, Sukothai established itself as one of the more important Thai kingdoms. The quality of the ceramics improved during this period and the demand for fine ceramics, from ceremonial use to building materials increased greatly. There were kilns at various places like Pa Yang, Goh Noi, Sukothai Town, Pitsanuloke and Nakorn Thai. In some of these places, the historians found that many kilns were built, especially at Goh Noi, the oldest site. It is estimated that there were betweem 600 to 800 kilns built over the centuries thoughout this region.
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Si Satchanalai or Sawankaloke Kilns
There are also records of the kilns of Si Satchanalai that are believed by some to have started even before Sukothai kiln, perhaps as early as the C10th. This is the Goh Noi and Pa Yang Kiln Sites. Their Domestic wares included:
Earthenware - coarse, sandy earthenware shards with cord-marked, stamped or incised decorations; round-bottomed pots, kendis and jars.Unglazed Stoneware - reddish or gray bodies, unglazed stonewares. Some of them were partially glazed with fly-ash from the fuel; vases with wide, flat shoulders and narrowing down to a small button-foot, short neck and trumpet-shaped mouth.
Mon Wares - roughly made from iron-black clay full of impurities, dishes have flat bottoms, non-glazed on outside, rich olive glaze.
Underglaze black - large dishes with underglaze black decoration, well drawn floral or fish design in the center, thinly potted. There were stem-trays, bowls, kendis and animals, mythological and human figurines.
Celadons - high-fired stonewares, covered with a natural feldspathic, wood-ash glaze with iron. Colors are dark Jade greens or deep olive-green, but can vary to nearly white, gray, honey yellow or brown. The best celadons of Sawankaloke are a beautiful sea-blue-green. Since celadon glaze is difficult to control and has a critical maturing point above which it melts, the glaze is often not applied down to the foot. If applied to the foot, it tends to run down unevenly and thickly and might stick to the support. Celadons are heavily potted dishes, bowls and stem-trays.
Underglaze Black Decorated Wares - finely potted, thin, transparent glaze or grayish, with green or milky blue tinge, brownish black or gray black underglaze iron decoration. There are covered boxes, mostly round boxes in different sizes from three to eighteen centimeters. Some are in the shape of a bird, frog or crab. Floral or leaf decoration are common.
Brown and Pearl Incised Wares - applied brown glaze only, the pattern was incised into the body. There are covered boxes and miniature jars.
Brown Wares - rich honey or dark brown glaze, similar look to celadons but range is much smaller. The common objects are small pear or gourd shaped vases with two handle. There also are bowls and jars.
White Wares - white glaze both in cream and white, heavily potted, similar to celadons.
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Later Ceramic Wares: Singburi and Ayuthya Wares
The great years of the ceramics industry of Thailand clearly fell between the 14th century and the middle of the 16th century. This was a period of great prosperity both for Ayuthya and LanNa in the north of Thailand. During the later Tak period, historian found more remaining ceramics from Sukothai , Lan Na and the Golden Age of Ayuthya periods.
In 1569 during a large Burmese attack, many constructions were destroyed and resulted in the end of the great Sukothai ceramic industry. The new kilns were built at Singburi around the year 1600, but produced only coarse utilitarian goods. Chinese wares were imported into the country to fulfill the need for pottery and porcelain.
Many types of earthenware and stoneware were made in Singburi during the Ayuthya capital period. Generally, Singburi wares were jars with looped handles, covered with a lack-lustre brown glaze. In 1767, there was another attack from Burma which caused many kilns to be destroyed and greatly decreased production of Thai ceramics from this area.
“侬智高是儒家子弟,因为他的祖公侬猷是山东青州人,带来中原文化传教子孙。”听说过不少壮族家谱声称祖先是从山东来打侬智高的,没想到农家家谱也说侬智高祖先是从山东来的。按照这种说法,当年在岭南上演的竟然是“山东人打山东人”的一幕。
又,史书上多称侬氏为“广源蛮”。
你又错了,学术的东西不是说谁同意才是正确的,现代人类包括中国人在内,都是非洲古人的后代,这是目前最权威的研究成果,并不因为大多数中国人认为自己是北京猿人的后代而拒绝承认这点可以改变。谁掌握最丰富的资料和最有力的证据,就可以置评。大陆的学者也不是个个都懂得壮泰老傣掸,而研究这方面的学者都是知道壮-泰语资料的,也有大量的史学证据,更懂得民族学、历史学的东西,我虽然也不是专业水平,但是比北姑你多了几个强项,如母语壮语,如学习过泰语,如研习过语言学、民族学的常识,我当然可以从逻辑上评判哪些研究成果是合理的,哪些是牵强的。
可以下定論嗎?取得一致共識乎?否則的話,還不是雞同鴨講乎?
你有自己的”邏輯”、”合理”,人家也有人家的耶。
就好像朝鮮歷史一樣搞笑耶。
“侬智高是儒家子弟,因为他的祖公侬猷是山东青州人,带来中原文化传教子孙。”听说过不少壮族家谱声称祖先是从山东来打侬智高的,没想到农家家谱也说侬智高祖先是从山东来的。按照这种说法,当年在岭南上演的竟然是“山东人打山东人”的一幕。
又,史书上多称侬氏为“广源蛮”。
据我所知,农贤生先生对侬智高的研究,从来没有摆脱过家谱虚拟远祖的思想禁锢。
壯泰同源應該沒有疑問吧?泰國人也同意耶,不過泰人先民直接從嶺南進入泰國湄公河盤地的說法就......
否認泰人雲南源出說的也就.......
http://huaxia.com/wh/mjwh/00225372.html
中泰学者13年研究成果:壮泰"同源异流"
40多位中泰学者历经13年的奋斗,对壮泰民族传统文化进行全面比较后得出结论:壮、泰民族本是“同源”,后在长期的发展中形成各自特色,产生并行发展的“异流”,并最终成为了两个民族。全面展示这一研究成果的五卷本《壮泰民族传统文化比较研究》近日由广西人民出版社集结成书。 《壮泰民族传统文化比较研究》一书是《壮学从书》首批出版的重点项目,由广西民族研究学会和泰国艺术大学的学者共同合作完成。全书分别从地理环境、体质特征、考古文化、语言文字、生产习惯等15个方面介绍壮族和泰族的传统文化并进行比较研究,最后进行了归纳与讨论。内容涉及地理学、地质学、人口学、民俗学、伦理学等多种学科,是有史以来对壮族和泰族传统文化规模最大、最全面系统的研究。 《壮泰民族传统文化比较研究》佐以大量考古学、历史学、体质人类学和文化人类学材料的印证,认为壮、泰民族共同起源于古代百越民族集团中的西瓯和骆越,他们原来共同生活的区域,主要在五岭以南到今越南红河以北地区;他们原来共同生活的时间主要在公元三世纪上半叶之前,他们分离的时间主要在中国历史上的三国两晋南北朝时期(公元3-6世纪)。后来其中的一部分迁徙到今泰国北部。由于受到不同文化的影响,才逐渐形成了壮族和泰族两个不同的民族。所以,壮、泰民族的起源和发展可以说是“同源异流”。 《壮泰民族传统文化比较研究》全书分五卷,共284万字,从多角度对壮泰民族的生产、生活进行了对照。读者可从中直观感受到壮族和泰族传统文化的共同性和相似性。(新华网 顾洪洪) |
《壮泰民族传统文化比较研究》佐以大量考古学、历史学、体质人类学和文化人类学材料的印证,认为壮、泰民族共同起源于古代百越民族集团中的西瓯和骆越,他们原来共同生活的区域,主要在五岭以南到今越南红河以北地区;他们原来共同生活的时间主要在公元三世纪上半叶之前,他们分离的时间主要在中国历史上的三国两晋南北朝时期(公元3-6世纪)。后来其中的一部分迁徙到今泰国北部。由于受到不同文化的影响,才逐渐形成了壮族和泰族两个不同的民族。
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中泰學者的共同研究結論都是,泰人先民是在泰北形成之後才遷入今泰國腹地的耶,那是否經雲南的呢?又還是直接從嶺南出發,而且還要是廣西乎?
而一般的論點都是,泰人先民來自雲南,在泰北一帶分化成各支係的耶。
“侬智高是儒家子弟,因为他的祖公侬猷是山东青州人,带来中原文化传教子孙。”听说过不少壮族家谱声称祖先是从山东来打侬智高的,没想到农家家谱也说侬智高祖先是从山东来的。按照这种说法,当年在岭南上演的竟然是“山东人打山东人”的一幕。
又,史书上多称侬氏为“广源蛮”。
广西人的家谱大部分是编造的,如果相信家谱是真实的,那么广西原来就没有了土著人。个人的观点认为,之所以有那么多家谱认为其祖先来自山东,可能是因为狄青在宋朝带来一些山东子民,但是这绝对不能构成广西的主体居民。编造家谱的情况应该就在宋朝之后的事情,自农智高失败后,僚人受到朝廷的打压,这个民族逐步迷失了方向,也寻找不到自己的根或是不愿意正视自己的来源,为了科举考试、为了虚荣、为了升官,于是乎,跟随少部分山东裔的族群认为自己也来自山东。关于广西人的族谱,很多都被认为是自相矛盾的。
《壮泰民族传统文化比较研究》佐以大量考古学、历史学、体质人类学和文化人类学材料的印证,认为壮、泰民族共同起源于古代百越民族集团中的西瓯和骆越,他们原来共同生活的区域,主要在五岭以南到今越南红河以北地区;他们原来共同生活的时间主要在公元三世纪上半叶之前,他们分离的时间主要在中国历史上的三国两晋南北朝时期(公元3-6世纪)。后来其中的一部分迁徙到今泰国北部。由于受到不同文化的影响,才逐渐形成了壮族和泰族两个不同的民族。
===================================
中泰學者的共同研究結論都是,泰人先民是在泰北形成之後才遷入今泰國腹地的耶,那是否經雲南的呢?又還是直接從嶺南出發,而且還要是廣西乎?
而一般的論點都是,泰人先民來自雲南,在泰北一帶分化成各支係的耶。
北姑引述的这段话,正好否认了泰人来源于云南的说法。从岭南到泰老,对于水边民族的骆越人来说,最便捷的途径是经过红河流域顺流而上,而不可能翻越崇山峻岭的桂西边地和云贵高原。
壯泰同源應該沒有疑問吧?泰國人也同意耶,不過泰人先民直接從嶺南進入泰國湄公河盤地的說法就......
否認泰人雲南源出說的也就.......
否认泰人源于云南,这并没有什么大不了的,这是最新的研究成果,已经被越来越多的学者所正视和接受。云南傣人是泰北老挝一带的大泰人朔源而上形成,泰国的小泰人也是泰北老挝的大泰人分化南下形成,这是最令人信服的说法。
北姑引述的这段话,正好否认了泰人来源于云南的说法。从岭南到泰老,对于水边民族的骆越人来说,最便捷的途径是经过红河流域顺流而上,而不可能翻越崇山峻岭的桂西边地和云贵高原。
呵呵,很有趣的經濟邏輯說耶,不過可惜中泰學者並沒有作出此結論耶,我也想知道他們同意否耶。
呵呵,很有趣的經濟邏輯說耶,不過可惜中泰學者並沒有作出此結論耶,我也想知道他們同意否耶。
嗬嗬,北姑不妨提出他们不同意的证据。
如此說來,會否壯人及泰人先民其實就是共同源自紅河三角洲的乎?比”經過說”更加何乎邏輯耶,駱越就是發源於此耶,也是交趾人的主要成份耶。
南壯不就是北泰嗎?
嗬嗬,北姑不妨提出他们不同意的证据。
呵呵,我只是看到他們同意泰人先民形成於泰北的論點耶,至少他們是否有更進一步的觀點,就不知道耶,尼既然懂壯語及一點泰語,應該可以做其代言人乎?
所谓北泰,是指整个壮族和布依族,并非单指南壮。台语支分为西南、中部和北部三组。西南组即傣-泰各族语,中部组即南壮语和岱-侬语,北部组即北壮语和布依语。
壮族分为南北两大方言,壮语北部方言和南部方言先分化,南壮和泰老再分化,这是大多数研究壮泰语的专家都很清楚的事情。从历史语言学证据上来看,可以推测出,南越国政权崩溃后,骆越人的一支迁入现在的越南红河三角洲地区,逐渐形成南部支系(即现在南壮和泰老的直系祖先),留在两广一带的演化为北部支系(即现在北壮和布依的直系祖先),并进而迁入桂西滇东北和贵州省。后来越南人祖先交址人北上,驱逐了原来的骆越人南部支系,这些人大部分向西迁徙,进入现在的泰北,逐步演化为现在的傣-泰族系,一部分则北迁到现在越南北部山区和广西西南部山区,形成南壮和岱-侬族。
http://www.thaiworldview.com/art_hist.htm
Before any Thai kingdom, there were Khmer kingdoms. Khmer empire was made of actual Cambodia, Laos and a big part of Thailand. Some towns like Lopburi, Phimai still have Khmer ruins. In all northeastern area there are many old Khmer ruins not all in good condition. The major ones are in Phimai (near Nakhon Ratchasima) and Phanom Rung (near Buriram). The most beautiful Khmer ruins outside Cambodia can be seen in Thailand. | |
Phimai sanctuary |
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In 1238 Sukhotai kingdom was created. It did last until 1438. This period is well known for the Sukhotai Buddha statues that are very beautiful. Some can be seen at the National Museum or "WAT BENCHAMABOPHIT" in Bangkok. Almost all monuments are made of light bricks. So they didn't resist to monsoons over centuries. The ruins in old cities of Sukhotai, Kampeang Phet, Sri Sichanalai are worth visiting. |
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Sukhotai |
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Old city of Sukhotai has been recognised by UNESCO as a treasure of humanity. The famous King Rama Khampheng was the first to write with the first known representation of Thai writing. He says that Thai people do not starve because they have rice in the fields and fish in the rivers. Sukhotai was absorbed by the rival kingdom of Ayuthaya.
Ayuthaya was a great kingdom. Its capital had more than one million of inhabitants, i.e. more than in European capitals at the same time. Kingdom of Ayuthaya had diplomatic relations with European countries such as Portugal and France. Some Thai diplomats went to France in 1687 to the royal court of Louis XIV, the French King who did build Versailles. They arrived by boat in the French town called Brest. Since this time the major avenue of Brest is called rue de Siam which means "Siam street". Kingdom of Ayuthaya was always in war with Burmese, Laotian and Khmer kingdoms. | |
Ayuthaya |
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Suriyothai, Queen of Ayutthaya, is the queen who fought and died to protect her husband and king's life while advancing into battle against the invading Burmese battalion in the 14th century.
King Naresuan is famous for having a duel on elephants with the Burmese Crown Prince and won against him. King Naresuan regained independence from Burma for the Ayuthaya kingdom.
Nai Khanom Tom was a famous Thai boxer, who, having been captured by the Burmese, regained his freedom by defeating nine of the enemy's gladiators in a contest witnessed by the Burmese king.
Ayuthaya defeated Khmer kingdom and seized the mythic town Angkor in 1431. More than 37 wars opposed Burma and Siam during three centuries. Finally Ayuthaya was defeated in 1767 by Burma. Ayuthaya was complete destroyed, Buddha statues were molten in order to get the gold. Still nowadays the old remaining ruins can be visited.
In 1782 General Taksin succeeded to beat the Burmese Kingdom. He did establish a new capital Thonburi.
After Taksin's death, Rama I became the first king of the Chakri dynasty. He did establish a new capital Bangkok on the other shore of the river Chao Praya. |
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Wat Phra Kaew |
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Rama IV is very famous. His name was Monkgut. Before being king, he was a monk until 45 years old. He was very clever and even calculated the date of an eclipse. Pitiful he caught malaria when observing this eclipse.
Rama V (dead in 1910) is known as the King Chulalongkorn. He is still highly worshipped in Thailand. His statue is at "Ratchadamnoen avenue" near Dusit Throne Hall. Every year, on the 23th october, there is a huge crowd for his birthday celebration. He is famous because he worked for the improvement of Thailand in the modern world. | |
Bang Pa In |
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Rama V is the one who made school mandatory for all, suppress slavery, transform the administration to match with foreign administration. It was the only way to escape from the invasion of colonial French and English troops. It was to show them that Thailand was a modern country. But he did not succeed to avoid territorial cuts, i.e. France did take Laos and Cambodia west part that were under Thai rules and also southern provinces that were taken by English troops. He is the one which brought many foreign customs (table, chair, fork, spoon, woman with long hairs) in Thailand. He also sent his children abroad in order that they studied foreign methods and then came back in Thailand to support him.
23 October is Rama V 's day ( วันปิยมหาราช) and is a public day to commemorate the Rama V or Chulalongkorn wise reign over Thailand.
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Rama V |
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The Paknam Incident on July 13, 1893 is remembered as a dispute over a large part of Laotian territory on the banks of the Mekong River and led to a military clash between Siam and France on the Chao Phya River near Bangkok. Siamese troops opened fire on French gunboats sent up the river to Bangkok. The French fired back. The battle ended with the loss of 151 Siamese soldiers and 32 French troops. The Treaty of Peace and Convention between France and Siam was signed in Bangkok on October 3. Under the pact, Siam had to renounce all rights to the territories on the left bank of the Mekong (about 143,800 square kilometres) and to all islands in the river.
Before Thai kings have several wives and queens. There was a rank between all his wives. That is why after 5 generations , all royal status disappear because there will be too many people with a royal status. Nowadays the king acts as normal person and has one wife.
Before Thailand was called kingdom of Siam. It has changed the name in 1933. Actual King is Rama IX who became king in 1946. | |
Rama IX |
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A bloodless revolution in 1932 put an end to absolute monarchy in Thailand and led to a constitutional monarchy.
October 14, 1973, October 6, 1976, and Black May 1992 are major dates in Thai history for the struggle for democracy. The Thai army has shot on Thai people on these three events. There has never been any formal apology. Each time the Thai army has said it could never happen again.
Between 1963 and 1973 Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn presided over a repressive military regime which was overthrown by pro-democracy students who suffered scores of casualties the 14 October 1973.
FM Thanom is also at the origin of the Thammasat university massacre. His return in 1976 from overseas exile in the robes of a monk provoked the anger of students. This leaded to the 6 october 1976 massacre in Thammasat university where 300 students were killed by soldiers. Military argued that these students were a communist threat for the country. After the massacre many students joined the PLAT (Popular Liberation Army Thai) and fought until the amnesty in the 1980's.
Black May in 1992 happened when pro-democracy protesters were brutally suppressed by military forces under army commander Gen Issarapong Noonpakdi. In the attack on protesters demanding Gen Suchinda Kraprayoon step down as Prime Minister, 48 died and 44 went missing, according to official accounts.
In march 1999 complaints arose due to the appointment of FM Thanom Kittikachorn as a special royal guard. FM Thanom Kittikachorn is remembered as one the men who crushed the 1973 pro-democracy uprising in which 77 people were killed and 800 injured. Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai, facing protests against his decision to award a former dictator a military honour, plans to set up a special committee to review the historical record of the October 14, 1973, uprising. Chuan Leekpai has built his political credentials largely on being a dedicated fighter in the battle for democracy. And so it is ironic that it should be he, as defence minister, who appointed FM Thanom Kittikachorn to an honorary position with the army.
This page has been updated on Wednesday, January 18, 2006
歷史的編造真是完美的耶,明明連越南歷史本身也記載,交趾人主體就是駱越人耶,即使蜀人入主建安陽國,與及南越國侵略之後,也沒有改變耶。
越南的擴張是北向南的耶,夜趾人向占城及真臘地區擴張的耶。
歷史記載得非常清楚,交趾及九真的都是駱越種,斷髮文身的耶,到了林邑及以南地方就是崑崙種,鬈髮黑皮,即馬來種的占人耶。
http://www.thaiantiques.info/history.htm
The ancestors of present day Thailand were scattered over a wide area of South-East Asia, including parts of south and south-west China. Up to this day Thai language related languages are spoken in parts of southern China. The classical view is that Thai people migrated southwards to the area of present day Thailand, possibly over a long time period, and possibly in a more pronounced way during the 13th century with the rise of the Mongols in China.
泰國旅客局的資料可信性如何呢?
http://www.goldenthailand.net/page6
Thailand History
In English, Thailand means land of the free. Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia to have not been colonized. This page will take you through the different eras or periods that Thailand has transitioned through.
Thailand has an 800 year period of history. Within this history, it has been the only Southeast Asian nation never colonized by a foreign power. Their are five periods in which this history can be divided.
Nanchao (650 to 1250) The people of Thailand founded a kingdom in southern China. This is, at the present Yunnan, Kwangsi and Canton. People migrated to as far as the Chao Phraya Basin. The people would settle here under the Khmer Empire sovereignty. The independent state of Sukhothai was founded around 1238 A.D. This gives birth to the period of Sukhothai.
Sukhothai (1238 to 1378) Thai people begin to become a dominant force in this region in the 13th century. Eventually, the Thais begin asserting independence from the then present Khmer and Mon kingdoms. This is called he dawn of hapiness?or thought of as the golden era of Thailand long history. In 1350 the state of Ayutthaya placed its influence over the state of Sukhothai.
Ayutthaya (1350 to 1767) Khmer culture was adopted by Ayutthaya kings, such as Ayutthaya culture was placed over Sukhothai. Ayutthaya sovereign rulers were not the same type as Sukhothai paternal and accessible. Ayutthaya sovereigns were absolute monarchists that took the title of devaraja or god king. The earlier part of Ayutthaya, extension was made by placing its sovereignty over neigboring Thai principalities which led it into conflict with its neighbors. During the 17th century, Siam started to gain diplomatic and commercial relations with the west. In 1767 an invasion by Burmese was a success, the result was the capture of Ayutthaya. Despite this victory, the Burmese did not have control for long. A young general named Phya Taksin and his followers broke through the Burmese encirclement and escaped to Chantaburi. Seven months after the fall of Ayutthaya, he and his forces sailed back to the capital and expelled the Burmese occupation garrison.
Thon Buri Period (1767 to 1772) General Taksin, as he is popularly known, decided to transfer the capital from Ayutthaya to a site nearer to the sea which would facilitate foreign trade, ensure the procurement of arms, and make defence and withdrawal easier in case of a renewed Burmese attack. He established his new capital at Thon Buri on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. The rule of Taksin was not an easy one. The lack of central authority since the fall of Ayutthaya led to the rapid disintegration of the kingdom, and Taksin's reign was spent reuniting the provinces.
Rattanakosin Period (1782 to the Present) After Taksin's death, General Chakri became the first king of the Chakri Dynasty, Rama I, ruling from 1782 to 1809. His first action as king was to transfer the royal capital across the river from Thon Buri to Bangkok and build the Grand Palace. Rama II (1809-1824) continued the restoration begun by his predecessor. King Nang Klao, Rama III (1824-1851) reopened relations with Western nations and developed trade with China. King Mongkut, Rama IV, (1851-1868) concluded treaties with European countries, avoided colonialisation and established modern Thailand. He made many social and economic reforms during his reign . King Chulalongkorn, Rama V (1869-1910) continued his father's tradition of reform, abolishing slavery and improving the public welfare and administrative system. Compulsory education and other educational reforms were introduced by King Vajiravudh, Rama VI (1910-1925). During the reign of King Prajadhipok, (1925-1935), Thailand changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. The king abdicated in 1933 and was succeeded by his nephew, King Ananda Mahidol (1935-1946). The country's name was changed from Siam to Thailand with the advent of a democratic government in 1939. Thailand present monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, is King Rama IX of the Chakri Dynasty.
?2000 Tourism Authority of Thailand-Used under permission
http://www.tourismthailand.org/about/abouttat.aspx
The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) was established on March 18, 1960, the first organization in Thailand to be responsible specifically for the promotion of tourism. TAT supplies information and data on tourist areas to the public, publicizes Thailand so as to encourage Thai and international tourists to travel in Thailand, conducts studies to set development plans for tourist areas, and co-operates with and supports the production and development of personnel in the field of tourism.
Since the inception of the first local office of TAT in Chiang Mai in 1968, there are now 22 local offices throughout Thailand. TAT has also established many overseas offices the first being the New York office in 1965. TAT has since established 15 more offices in different parts of the world during the past 30 years.
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/thai/culture/section-1.html
Thai History/Culture at a Glance. -------------------------------- No one really knows when and where the Thai civilization originated. If the current popular theory, that the Thai people have been here in their present location from the very beginning, is correct then the Thai civilization is a very ancient one, as is attested by the various recently unearthed artifacts. The bronze artifacts at Ban Chiang, a small village in Northeastern Thailand for example, have been dated to be as much as 1,000 years older than those of Mesopotamia. Written record of the Thai people started in the 13th Century A.D. when King Ramkamhaeng of Sukhothai Kingdom invented Thai alphabets by an adaptation from Pali, the language used in Buddhist Scriptures. Some scholars, however, contend that a similar script had already been in use in the area long before the supposed invention. Sukhothai's power gradually eroded and was superseded by the Southern principality centering at Sri Ayudhaya. Under the Sri Ayudhaya Kingdom, the Thai people had strengthen their identity both as a unique group of people and as a nation through language, art, culture, trades and warfares with neighboring countries. In 1782, after Sri Ayudhaya was demolished for the second time by the invading Burmese, the capital was relocated briefly at Thonburi and then to Bangkok, where it has survived and prospered up to the present. With the central capital established and the Kingdom's boundary secured from warfare, art, architecture, and culture once again flourish. Trades and contacts with the West also increased dramatically during this period. Thailand's long acquaintance with the West together with her shrewdness in diplomatic maneuvering and her strength had contributed to her being the only country in South/Southeast Asia to have preserved independence through the Colonial Era. Despite her relative small size, Thailand is very diversified. There are many ethnic groups within the country. But in general, there are four major dialects (and hence subcultures) within Thailand: the Central, the North, the Northeast and the South. Thai language in particular is very rich, unique, subtle and poetic. It is no wonder that poem has been an integral part of the Thai culture. Varieties of Thai poems are as many and as tasty as Thai foods. Buddhism has flourished in this area for a long time, as is evidenced by the findings about the Suwannaphumi and the Srivijaya Kingdoms. By the time of the Sukhothai Era, the Thai people had already accepted Theravada Buddhism as their national religion, though sometimes mixed with Hinduistic and animistic beliefs. In the deep South, however, Islam has been the dominant religion. There are roughly 96% Buddhists and 4% Muslims in the Kingdom of Thailand. There has never been an incident of religious or ethnic clash in Thailand, an indication of high toleration among her diversified people. There are about 10% ethnic Chinese in the Kingdom -- The result of years of migration to escape poverty and famines from mainland China. Inter-marriage, similarity in religious beliefs and high toleration on both sides have all contributed to the peaceful co-existence of the Chinese and the mainstream Thais, so much so that both sides seem to completely forget about their differences. It is safe to assume that the second and later generation Chinese think and act like Thais and that they love Thailand and are proud to be Thais. The traditional Thai ways of life have also been modified to some extent by those of the Chinese, especially in the urban area. Absolute Monarchy system was abolished by a bloodless coup d'etat in 1932 and a Constitution Monarchy form of government was established. Since then, Thailand has been struggling with the Western ideal of democracy and economy; many coup d'etats had alternated with elected civilian governments. The past 60 years have seen the Thai people tried to reshape their country to survive and to be respected in the world community. Through all this, the ancient ways of life have still largely been preserved as is attested by: the famous Thai smiles, the serene Buddhist monks walking their alms rounds in early morning, the water-throwing festival in April, the respect for the elderly, the graceful Thai manner, Thai classical music and dances, etc. Let's hope that Thailand will continue to be unique in her evolution path so that she can faithfully do her parts in enhancing lives on this planet earth.
纠缠历史有什么用?
只要我们能继承侬皇的精神去为泛壮民族的强盛而贡献自己的力量,这就够了!
泰國歷史記載就是公元十三世紀,也就是蒙古人南侵時期耶。
儂智商,不是宋朝的事情嗎?若果說泰人源自儂智高時期的話,那儂智高之後到蒙古人南下之間的歷史真空,又是怎樣一回事呢?
儂智高最後不也是棄邕州而逃大理的嗎?該不會說泰人先民因此而在大理形成乎?
http://163.17.8.9/admin/rpdata/06d5a3d636d52ec61cb8058b030920bf.doc
附件A─14 |
越南九真集團勢力之研究
Study on the political power of Jiuzhen in Vietnam
計 畫 編 號:CYUT93-G-002
執行期限:93年01月01日至93年11月30日
主持人:耿慧玲 執行機構及單位名稱:通識教育中心
一、中英文摘要
本計畫以秦漢時所立交阯、九真、日南三郡中的九真地區為中心,九真也就是愛州,因介於交趾與日南之間,具有合縱連橫的關鍵性地位,交趾若取得九真之助,日南的叛亂極易平服;日南若聯絡九真成功,必然造成交趾或中國政府的困擾,中國政府因而也常利用這樣的情勢,來控制越南地區的發展。而就越南本身的歷史來看,越南自十二使君之後,越南政權的領導者大多出身於九真地區,例如丁朝的丁部領、前黎朝的黎桓、後黎朝的黎利皆是;而根據本人近年以金石資料所做越南李朝歷史的研究,發現九真地區出身的人物對於越南李朝的政治也有相當大的影響力,因此,九真地區出身的人物似乎自丁朝時期即開始對越南政治形成一股相當重要的權力掌控性。
關鍵詞:越南、九真、漢文拓片、中國、金石銘文、政治、權力集團。
Keywords:Vietnam, Jiuzhen, Epigraph of Chinese, China, political, power bloc.
二、緣由與目的
(一)緣起
越南在人種上與中國南方的百越族有相當密切的歷史關係,因此不論在風俗習慣、或文化徵象上,都有相當密切的關聯,在建立歷史上百越的文化與習俗上,越南是值得參考的例子,在建立百越歷史文化上,大陸南方少數民族也有相當重要的地位,但越南與現存中國南方少數民族不同的地方,在於她已於十世紀建立成為一個國家,有完整的國家體制以及記載系統,雖然這系統相對於中國是薄弱的,但相較於中國南方少數民族,越南的國家體系與記載系統就完整很多,這些作為瞭解中國漢型文化的發展,及越南地區自身文化的發展,都是相當重要的。又,自秦代以至唐末,越南北部與中國形成長期的政治統轄關係,這使得越南在國家發展上受到中國相當程度影響,由越南官制的發展,可以略窺越南國家由鬆散部落轉變為以中國地方行政官僚體系為主要官職系統,再轉向中國漢型中央官職系統,並形成國家政治主要架構的脈絡。因此,研究越南的官制,對於中國政治的比較研究,也有相當重要的功能,學者可以經由越南與中國官制的比較,瞭解中國政治制度的理想型態與實際發展上所形成的歷史狀態,這對於中國政治、社會的研究也相當重要。而越南金石拓片所反應出的自然抽樣與歷史現象,更是研究中國歷史與東南亞地區相互作用的一手史料。
本計畫所研究之地區為秦漢時所立交阯、九真、日南三郡中的九真地區,九真也就是愛州,因介於交趾與日南之間,具有合縱連橫的關鍵性,地位十分重要,交趾若取得九真之助,日南的叛亂極易平服;日南若聯絡九真成功,必然造成交趾或中國政府的困擾,中國政府因而也常利用這樣的情勢,來控制越南的情勢。而就越南本身的歷史發展來看,越南自十二使君之後,越南政權的領導者大多出身於九真地區,例如丁朝的丁部領、前黎朝的黎桓、後黎朝的黎利都出身與九真地區;而根據本人近年以金石資料所做越南李朝歷史的研究,發現九真地區出身的人物對於越南李朝的政治也有相當大的影響力,因此,九真地區出身的人物似乎自丁朝時期即開始對越南政治形成一股相當重要的權力掌控性,本研究計畫即欲深入探討九真地區人物是否已形成一股固定的權力集團,其參與分子為何?運作機制為何?與中國間之關係如何?希望藉由這個集團勢力的探討能夠對越南的政治型態與結構有更深入的瞭解。
(二)背景與目的
本人1993年完成美國柏克萊加州大學東亞圖書館蒐藏之中國拓片整理工作返台,法國遠東學院台灣地區主任傅飛嵐邀請本人參與越南漢文拓片研究,自此本人即開始越南漢文拓片之整理與研究,曾親自到越南河內進行八次越南拓片之研究工作,迄今已完成越南北屬時期至李朝24篇,及陳朝44篇之銘文集釋並出版《越南漢喃銘文彙編》兩集三冊,66篇黎朝拓片亦繼續集釋中。
越南拓片銘文中牽涉的領域十分廣泛,包含越南之歷史人物、帝王世系、地理沿革、官制演變、社會經濟與田畝制度、鄰境邦交與軍事衝突,甚至於喃文、音韻、古越語語法等等,也記載了中國與東南亞地區相關時代的歷史與文化。在長期進行越南銘文釋讀的同時,發現越南銘文的正確集釋,需要較研究中國拓片更加廣泛的學術知識,除了在銘文中常常出現的中國歷史與文化典故外,越南銘文也記載著越南自己歷史文化事實,因此若要正確的解讀越南銘文,就必須要對於越南文獻的掌握及對越南歷史、文化有充分的瞭解。由是本人開始大量閱讀越南之一手史料,企望深入瞭解越南歷史與文化,以利越南銘文之正確解讀。在這些年間,本人根據越南銘文中之相關歷史與文化資料,撰寫〈金石地理所反映的越南漢化勢力〉、〈李英宗朝婚姻關係與權力結構研究〉、〈七至十四世紀越南國家意識的形成〉、〈越南官制初釋—僧道官與爵秩〉、〈越南李朝太傅劉氏兄弟墓誌考證及其歷史意義〉、〈論越南李太宗的政治行為──中越文化之比較研究〉、〈唐貞元安南《青梅社鐘》銘文考釋〉等文,約二十萬字;這些論文藉由銘文與越南文獻的相互補證,對於越南的歷史與文化有相當程度的釐清,而在論文撰寫過程中也逐漸形成對於越南古史的架構性概念,本計畫之內容即欲針對越南李朝所出現九真地區的人物與集團作深入之研究,以廓清越南李朝之權力結構與政治之運作。
三、研究方法與進行方式
(一)蒐集相關文獻資料
根據研究計畫所欲探討之九真地區蒐集相關文獻資料,如人物、地理區劃的演變、自然地理狀態、歷史發展、政治事件、婚姻集團等,蒐集後影印、分類、閱讀、建檔,製作資料文件卡。
(二)金石資料隸定(楷體化)標點及考釋
金石中有關九真地區的銘文有大部分已經出版,即《越南漢喃銘文》第一集,但根據本計畫之研究需要,尚有許多需要再考釋的部分;而有一些金石銘文則尚未標點、隸定與考釋,這些資料都是研究九真地區的一手資料,需要更深入的集釋。每篇銘文都需要建立文字檔案,輸入電腦。
(三)根據已隸定之資料及相關文獻進行相互校補工作
(四)建立模型
(五)撰寫相關論文一篇
四、研究結果
本計畫所要研究者,乃九真地區所形成之一個集團勢力對於越南歷史文化之影響,研究的內容可以分為兩大部分,一從中國的記載來看九真地區在越南國家發展中所扮演的角色。一自越南文獻記載中探索越南人認為越南歷史發展過程中,九真所佔有的地位。
從中國的記載來看,九真地區是中國與交趾、日南之間的中介者,九真的地方勢力一直是越南國家的主要支撐力量。越南國土大致可以分為北圻、中圻與南圻三個部分,約略相當於漢唐時期的交阯、九真、日南(林邑)。陶維英在《越南古代史》中指出漢代中國所領越南地區與現代越南的領土間的大概情勢如下:
交趾郡約當今日越南北部,包括中國廣西南部的一部份,而郡的中心地區與居民稠密點則是在天德江與自河內至越池的紅河一段,和喝江(底河的上游)一帶區域。……
九真郡在漢代時,相當于寧平地區和清化以及乂安的中、下游,直到藍江以南地區。九真極南的疆界可能抵達橫山。其中心點當在馬江與梁江流域。而清化與乂安的上游,則尚未開拓。……
日南郡在九真郡以南,是漢朝在征服了甌雒以後增添的一郡,當時雒越人只是居住在交趾和九真兩地,而日南郡卻未曾見有。但是就在以後日南郡地也就成為我國(越南)的順廣轄地。[ii]
越南史家黎崱在《安南志略‧風俗》篇中曾提出當時安南人的差別性:
安南,古交趾地也。唐虞三代,中國聲教所暨;西漢以來為內郡。男耕賈,女蠶績;言善欲寡,見遠人漂至其國,數相存問,此其常性。交、愛人倜儻有謀;驩、演人純秀好學,餘皆愚樸。民文身,效吳越之俗。[iii]
而《舊唐書》卷西百九十七〈南蠻傳‧林邑傳〉中,對於這個地區居民的族屬,有這樣的說明:
自林邑以南,皆拳髮黑身,通號為崑崙。[iv]
亦即日南(驩、演州)以南的居民與交、愛州的族屬,顯有相當的差異,若就中國與越南之間的交通狀況來看,中國早期和交趾、九真、日南地區間的交通亦有不同;中國通交趾的路線如上所述,可分為桂越道、滇越道兩條陸路和廣東道一條海路,但係沿岸航行;而中國與日南之間的交通路線則以海路為主,且為中國通東南亞及南亞的海上交通必經路線,[v]因此,交趾與日南在與中國的歷史關係上、本身的歷史發展上,都有顯著的不同;再加上族屬上的差異,生活習慣上的不同,日南地區和交趾之間,常發生衝突。如《後漢書‧南蠻西南夷列傳》:
(東漢順帝)永和二年(137)日南象林徼外蠻夷區憐等數千人攻象林縣,燒城寺,殺長吏。交趾刺史樊演發交趾、九真二郡兵萬餘人救之。」又「建康元年(144),日南蠻夷千餘人復攻燒縣邑,遂煽動九真,與相連結。交趾刺史九江夏方開恩招誘,賊皆降服。[vi]
又,桓帝永壽三年(157):
居風令(九真郡屬縣)貪暴無度,縣人朱達等及蠻夷相聚,攻殺縣令,眾至四、五千人,進攻九真,九真太守兒式戰死,…遣九真都尉魏朗討破之,斬首二千級,渠帥猶屯據日南,眾轉彊盛。[vii]
而九真(愛州)因介於交趾與日南之間,具有合縱連橫的關鍵性。在漢唐時期,中國政府為了要控制越南這個地區,經常分化與連結九真對抗交趾與日南,來控制越南地區的穩定。[viii]而李朝在建國的過程中,如何處理九真黎氏建立的舊有勢力是非常重要的,李、黎朝政權的輪替,是以一種和緩的禪讓方式讓渡,但九真黎氏在九真地區的既有勢力,雖因為朝代的輪替而失去主流地位,卻並未消失;因此,當李太祖取得政權後,就將都城由黎朝的華閭城遷往大羅城,隱然與越南前期的地方勢力結構相合──以紅河及滇越、桂越交通線的勢力為中心;這愈發使得九真地區的丁黎新興勢力受到打擊,誘發了九真地區的叛亂行動。史書記載九真(李朝稱愛州)在李太宗朝發生了三次叛亂,分別是天成二年(1029)、通瑞二年(1035)和明道二年(1043),[ix]九真勢族劉慶譚家族,便是九真地區的罪族,太宗將之納為「溫良之戶」,並將慶譚的祖父及慶譚淨身後引入宮廷成為內侍,但顯然劉氏家族並沒有喪失在政治上的勢力,仁宗末劉慶譚結合九真黎伯玉,迎立另一九真勢族杜英武之外甥、仁宗弟崇賢侯之子陽煥為神宗,劉慶譚、黎伯玉、杜英武,加上杜英武的舅家李常傑,所形成的九真核心集團,重新掌握政治勢力,[x]然而以河內作為政治的核心地區的態勢已經形成,因此河內仍然成為此核心地區的都城,及至越南繼續向南方的發展,有了基本的突破,亦即取得對於占城、真臘地區的優勢,越南才將都城移向南方,清化方始成為越南的都城。至阮朝,隨著南向拓展的成功,越南的都城再向南方的順化行進。核心集團與核心地區的確立,使得越南建國的行為有了堅固核心,對於中國不再是短暫的反抗,與不成熟的組織。核心集團與核心地區的確立,也可以說是越南國家意識形成的重要關鍵。
五、結論
迄今為止,本人研究之資料顯示,九真地區人物對於越南不僅僅是在李朝有影響,在李朝之前,在陳朝,甚至到黎朝時期,九真地區之集團人物都影響到越南國家之發展,有關李朝及其以前歷史中九真地區人物有楊廷藝、吳權、丁部領、黎桓,均可見《安南志略》等史籍,李朝有黎奉曉、劉慶譚、黎伯玉、李常傑等,陳朝有黎文休、黎括、陳渴真等,黎朝有黎文安、黎來、黎念等,這些均可見於《大南一統志》、《皇越一統志》、《地輿志》等志書中,這在本人所著〈李英宗朝婚姻關係與權力結構研究〉,(北京大學中古史研究中心,「古代中外關係史:新史料的調查、整理與研究國際學術研討會」,2002,11);〈越南李朝太傅劉氏兄弟墓誌考證及其歷史意義〉,(《朝陽學報》第五期,2000,8,PP.151-192)均有論及,請參看申請時所附論文資料;又,黎朝時九真地區之勢力因黎太祖黎利本身即為九真地區人物九真集團之勢力自然更加強固;茲附上越南黎朝兩方婦女石刻,以證明在黎朝時期九真黎氏勢力影響之一斑。
六、參考文獻
屈大均,《廣東新語》,北京,中華書局,1992年12月,湖北一版二刷。
劉欣期,《交州記》,百部叢書集成據清道光伍崇曜校刊嶺南遺書本影印本,台北藝文印書館,1967年版。
余天熾等著《古南越國史》,廣西南寧,廣西人民出版社,1988,1。
耿慧玲,2003,11,〈越南文獻中李陳朝哀牢關係研究〉,中正大學文學院中文系,「東亞民俗與和文化研討會」。(已收入《越南史論》,2004,新文豐出版公司)
耿慧玲,2003,11,〈馮興考—未見於中國新舊《唐書》的一位越南英雄〉,中國唐史學會,第六屆唐代文化學術研討會。(已收入《越南史論》,2004,新文豐出版公司)
耿慧玲,2004,10,〈越南李朝的中官研究〉,斗六,雲林科技大學,「2004年漢學研究國際學術研討會」。
洗寶榦,《嶺南洗氏宗譜》,宣統庚戌(二年)季夏開雕版存祠堂本。
(越)黎文休《越鑑通考總論》
(越)黎貴惇《見聞小錄》,越南漢喃研究院書號VHC02664。
(越)潘輝注《歷朝憲章類誌》,越南漢喃研究院手抄本影印,書號A1551。
(越)潘清簡等《欽定越史通鑑綱目》,台北,國立中央圖書館,1969。
(越)陶維英著,劉統文、子鉞譯《越南古代史》,北京,商務印書館,1975年一版一刷。
(越)黎崱撰,武尚清點校,《安南志略》,北京,中華書局,1995年4月,一版一刷。
(越)高春育等,《大南一統志》,昭和十六年(1941)日本印度支那研究會據阮朝國史館維新三年(1909)東京重印本。
(越)潘輝注,《歷朝憲章類誌》,越南漢喃研究院圖書館編號A1551。
陳荊和,校合本《大越史記全書》,日本東京,東京大學東洋文化研究所,1986,3。
陳荊和,校合本《大越史略》,日本,東京都, 創價大學研究所, 昭和62年(1987)。
沙爾夢等編,《越南漢喃銘文匯編》第一集—北朝~李朝,河內漢喃研究院、巴黎遠東學院,1997。
耿慧玲、黃文樓編,《越南漢喃銘文匯編》第二集—陳朝,嘉義中正大學、河內漢喃研究院,2002。
[ii] 陶維英《越南古代史》,頁452,457,459。
[iii] 黎崱,《安南志略》卷一〈風俗〉,(武尚清點校,北京,中華書局出版,1995),頁40~41。
[iv] 《舊唐書》卷一百九十七〈南蠻傳‧林邑傳〉,頁5270。
[v] 見《新唐書》卷四十三下〈地理志〉引賈耽〈十道志〉;又伯希和,《交廣印度兩道考》(馮承鈞譯,台北,台灣商務印書館,1970)一書中,對於賈耽所述中國通東南亞及南亞之交通,有極為詳細的考訂。
[vi] 《後漢書‧南蠻西南夷列傳》,頁2837~2839。
[vii] 《後漢書‧南蠻西南夷列傳》,頁2837~2839。
[viii] 參見拙作〈越南李朝太傅劉氏兄弟墓誌考證及其歷史意義〉,《朝陽學報》第五期,頁179~185。
[ix] 《大越史記全書‧本紀》卷二,頁221、225、233。
[x] 有關劉慶譚、黎伯玉與杜英武迎立李神宗的事件,請參看拙作〈越南李朝太傅劉氏兄弟墓誌考證及其歷史意義〉,《朝陽學報》第五期,頁179~185。有關李常傑之生平請參考《越南漢喃銘文匯編》第一集──北屬時期至李朝(河內漢喃研究院、巴黎遠東學院,1998)。
(ndung)虎(森林)部落。该部分布于左江与右江之间的桂西南角一带。人们以森林、以虎为图腾,反映了壮族祖先对森林的依赖和恐惧。此部子孙姓侬,是众贝侬知晓的惟一出皇帝的壮族大姓。
侬(ndung)皇与泛壮民族共荣辱!
标点符号不正确的很多,文字错漏的也有。贝侬能校对编辑一下吗?
这是从某个资料库全文复制下来的,复制以后标点符号出现很大变化,我也懒得修改了。大家如有兴趣看文字也行了。
楼主转的文章中错漏的地方还真不少,光“侬智高是儒家子弟,因为他的祖公侬猷是山东青州人,带来中原文化传教子孙。”就让各位贝侬好笑了.
我们不少贝侬的家谱,可信度是非常非常低的.我家和我岳母家的家谱都说自己的祖先是山东青州府,其实不信度都很低.尤其是我岳母家,她们所谓的祖坟是一座小山丘,山下立了块大石碑,碑文说他们祖先叫梁马,另有个弟弟叫梁虎,(怎么好象有马马虎虎的意思的??),都是和狄青来的,都当小官,战事结束后就在今天邕宁县的良庆乡梁屋村定居,死后就葬在这个小山丘上,但因年代久远,至清代立此碑时,已经不知道具体葬在哪里了,反正就在这个小山丘上,故只能将碑立于山下........(原文我没抄下来,但意思就是这样.)想想还真好笑,宋代的祖先清代才开始立碑,而且按照碑文和家谱的记载,她们祖先在梁屋定居后,世世代代在那居住,一直没挪窝,可居然会不知道祖坟的具体位置?!我估计是清代时她们家族人丁日渐兴旺,为了族人能顺利参加科举考试,出仕做官,以及虚荣等原因,杜撰了家谱和碑文.因为是杜撰的,就故意说不知道祖坟的具体位置,使得他人无法查证真伪.
长见识了!得好好学习一下历史!
好好了解自己的历史!
不过民族融合、同化等等,是很正常的,不是被逼迫就好!现在我们查族谱,也是来自于山东白马,和狄青来镇压侬智高的,原先驻扎在南宁石埠,后来迁徙到了江西镇,呵呵,千年时间,我们是壮族,土壮,“布佬”!!
你们所说的我都一概不知,虽然我很想知道,可是谁告诉我啊!我觉得我们僚人应该制定一套完善的僚文出来,好好发挥我们僚人文化.毕竟我们广西是自治区,制定一些法律来保护我们的语言是可以的,应该在中小学普及僚语,当然非僚人可以不学,僚人就必须拿多少多少学分等等措施
希望有更多研究,然后写进我们的历史课本里!!!!!!!!!!
狄青是屠杀僚人的刽子手吗?解放军平西藏之乱也是屠杀藏民吗?
儂族也只是於十八世紀才從廣西遷入越南的耶,還從芒街的欽廉客家人手中搶走了”儂族”的名稱專利耶。
越南的总理叫农德孟,跟侬家有关系吗?
楼主转的文章中错漏的地方还真不少,光“侬智高是儒家子弟,因为他的祖公侬猷是山东青州人,带来中原文化传教子孙。”就让各位贝侬好笑了.
我们不少贝侬的家谱,可信度是非常非常低的.我家和我岳母家的家谱都说自己的祖先是山东青州府,其实不信度都很低.尤其是我岳母家,她们所谓的祖坟是一座小山丘,山下立了块大石碑,碑文说他们祖先叫梁马,另有个弟弟叫梁虎,(怎么好象有马马虎虎的意思的??),都是和狄青来的,都当小官,战事结束后就在今天邕宁县的良庆乡梁屋村定居,死后就葬在这个小山丘上,但因年代久远,至清代立此碑时,已经不知道具体葬在哪里了,反正就在这个小山丘上,故只能将碑立于山下........(原文我没抄下来,但意思就是这样.)想想还真好笑,宋代的祖先清代才开始立碑,而且按照碑文和家谱的记载,她们祖先在梁屋定居后,世世代代在那居住,一直没挪窝,可居然会不知道祖坟的具体位置?!我估计是清代时她们家族人丁日渐兴旺,为了族人能顺利参加科举考试,出仕做官,以及虚荣等原因,杜撰了家谱和碑文.因为是杜撰的,就故意说不知道祖坟的具体位置,使得他人无法查证真伪.
农姓本为侬姓,智高起义失败后侬氏族人遭到宋朝残害,许多人改为他姓逃离家园,农姓是其中之一。
侬智高于1052年4月在安德州起兵反宋,1053年正月与狄青战,败于归仁辅,又退据特磨道抗击宋军至11月,然后率部4千遁入大理国"次年,由于朝廷诛灭侬族和屠杀广西人民,又有14万人跟随侬智高逃入大理国,少数逃到贵州地区"1055年后,由于邕州与大理国勾结/购智高0,查处侬氏,又迫使壮族3万人(多数是侬氏)逃到老挝!泰国"致使大批壮族异化为异族和异国之民"这是壮族历史上的一次大灾难"
以上的史料楼主从那里得来的,我不是不相信,确实我们的历史记载的太少,泰国'缅甸等民族与我们有渊源这个我相信,但是经过不同的发展异化了不少,就象日耳曼人现在也是不同国家,同一个语系不见得就是一个民族,原来一个民族现在不见得就是一个民族,就是一个民族也不见得就要成为一个国家,比如英格兰民族现在分布世界上很多地方,加拿大'澳大利亚等也都分别建立了国家,我觉得中南半岛的澳泰语系人应该是经过先秦和秦朝向南扩张等后逐渐迁移去的,他们先后征服和南亚语系的孟'真腊等民族,建立了很多王国,最后到了近代演变保留下来的是泰国和老挝,依智高这次也许又是一个迁移的推动而已.
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