據說是成吉思汗大軍在阿富汗的後代。
哈扎拉網(英文)：
Habiba Sarabi，Bamyan 省選出的女省長
|
|
|
http://www.hazara.net/hazara/haz-summary/haz-summary.html
The word "Hazara"
The term "Hazara" is believed to came from the word "Hazar," meaning one thousand.
The Hazaras
Hazaras are among few races on the face of the earth about whose origin so little is known. Some research done on Hazara background suggests that they are the descendants of Changez Khan ( Genghis Khan), the great Mongol warrior of 13th Century (5). This theory is supported by the similarities in the language and words that mongols and hazaras use even today. For example,
|
This similarity is also pointed out by the author of the famous book The Hazaras by Late Hassan Poladi.
Another plausible theory is that Hazaras were Buddhists that actually lived in Afghanistan for the known history at least since the time of the Kushan Dynasty some 2000 years ago prior to the arrival of Islam. During the time of Kushan Dynasty, Bamyan was the home of one of the biggest Buddhist civilizations. This is obvious from the two of the World Tallest Buddhas statues that is carved in the mountain in Bamyan, Afghanistan - the heart of Hazarajat region inhabited by Hazaras for at least 2000 years.
The Hazara land, Hazarajat
Hazarajat (also referred to as Hazaristan) is the land or the provinces (states) in Afghanistan which have historically been inhabited by Hazara people.
It was believed that the area of Hazara Jat was larger than now. According to H.W.Bellew the area was " from the border of Kabul and Ghazni to those of Harat in one direction and from vicinity of Kandahar to that of Bulkh in the other. (4)
It may be noted that after the complete defeat of Hazaras in 1893 (see more 1, and 2), Afghan ruler adopted a policy to plant Pushtun nomads in green land of Hazara terrotory. According to Askar Mousavi's book Hazaras of Afghanistan (page 66) , now the Hazarajat area is reduced to 100,000 - 150,000 sq km.
Hazaras live in the following provinces in Hazarajat: (3)
Ghazni, Uruzgan, Ghore, Wardag, Bamyan , Parwan , Baghlan (Majority Ismali Hazaras inhabit)
Hazaras living in provinces out of Hazarajat: (3)
Samangan, Balkh , Jozjan , Faryab , Kabul , Badges (with Sunni Hazaras) , Kunduz (with mixed Shia and Sunni Hazaras),
Herat ( few number of Shia Hazaras)
The Hazargi Language
Hazara people commonly refer to their language as "Hazargi" . The Hazaras of Afghanistan speak a dialect known as Dari.
The Hazaras of Pakistan have a mixed dialect. Overtime their dialect has been changed from Dari to "Aazragi." Which is more of a mixture of a few languages, such as Farsi, Dari, Arabic, Urdu etc. This is the more the slang version of language that people speak. Although the Hazara elders still maintain the bond with Afghanistan and speak the Hazargi of Afghanistan.
The Hazara religion
Majority of Hazaras belong to the Shia sect of Islam. Although many Hazaras also belong to Ismaili sect , and Hanafi sect (one of the biggest sect among Sunni Muslims) of Islam.
It is very hard to separate the Hazara culture from its religion. Among themselves they are all Hazaras regardless of any belief system, or the land that they belong to.
The Hazara Population in Afghanistan
According to the Hazara sources, the population of Hazaras is believed to be around 6 to 7 million including Shia, Sunni and Ismaili but Askar Mousvi in his book "The Hazaras of Afghanistan" page n 64 mentioned says that the population is over 4 million. Author Ahmed Rasheed (of Pakistan) says that it is around 3 to 4 million in his English book by the name of "Taliban, Islam, Oil and new great games" translated in Persian published in Iran Page n117.
The Father of Hazara nation:
Ustad Abdul Ali Mazari (1946-1995).
One of most respected and loved leader that united all Hazaras of the world. Hazaras out of respect, refer to him as "Baba Mazari" ( Father).
Sources:
1. Hazaras in the view of British Diaries: "Diaries of Kandahar" (1884 - 1905)
Persecution and massacre of Hazaras documented by British news readers over a century ago
2. Hazaras vs. Taleban - Michael, UN.
traces the root of the conflict between Hazaras and Pushtuns and the de-population of Hazaras by the Pushtun rulers
3. Atlas of Peoples Democratic of Afghanistan Printed in Poland
4. "The Races of Afghanistan" , H.W. Bellew page n113 Published in Pakistan in 1979.
5. Map of Genghis Khan's Empire in 13th Century.
http://www.hazara.net/hazara/FAQ/faq.html
Are all Hazaras Shia Muslims?
No. Majority of Hazaras belong to the Shi'a sect of Islam . However many Hazaras belong to the Sunni and Ismaili sects.
Are Hazaras part of Northern Alliance? United Front or the Northern Alliance is a loose alliance between three main groups: Hazaras, Tajiks, and Uzbeks. However the power positions in the Northern Alliance is dominated by the Tajiks. Currently no visible representation has been given to the Hazaras. It should be noted that in the early 90's the Hizb Islami (Masood's faction i.e. Tajiks) along with Sayaaf, another commander that has beared extreme prejudice towards the Hazaras, massacred thousands of Hazaras in Kabul.
Hazaras make approximately 40% of Kabul's population.
Are Hazara's Pro Iran?
No country has done so much damage to the Hazaras as Iran. In the cloak of religion, this country has always tried to create rifts between Hazaras. [ more ... ]
Are Hazaras Anti-Pushtuns?
Historically the Pushtun dominated governments of Afghanistan has showed extreme prejudice towards the Hazaras. The genocide of Hazara by the Pushtun ruler Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (1890) has been documented by the British Newswriters during the year 1890's. [ see Diaries of Kandahar ]
Michael Sample, a Hazara history expert and humanitarian aid worker, traces history for the cause of Pushtun prejudice towards the Hazaras.
Recently the Pushtun dominated Taleban have once again showed their hatred against the Hazaras. The genocide of the Hazaras based on their religion and ethnicity has been documented by the UN, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International. [ See Genocide of Hazaras ]
While The Taleban are majority Pushtuns, not all Pushtuns are Talibans. Hazaras in neighboring countries have had a very peacful relationship with Pushtun. One only needs to goto neighboring Pakistan where Pushtuns and Hazaras have co-existed side by side for decades. Hazaras inside Pakistan has also been part of the Pushtunkwah Milli Party inside Pakistan and has given thousands of votes to the Mahmood Khan Achakzai, the leader of the Pushtunkwah party. Hazaras in Loralai, Quetta Pakistan has even held political alliance with Pushtuns.
What role do women play in the Hazara society ?
Hazara women play a very important role in the Hazara society. Women of Hazarajat shows the legendary role Hazara women has played in the history of Afghanistan
http://www.hazara.net/hazara/hazara.html#history
History - ( Tareekh )
Hazaras history is fascinating to say the least. Some researchers believe that Hazaras are the descendents of the 13th century mongol warrior, Genghis Khan ( Changez Khan ), while others trace their history to the greatest Buddhist civilization 2000 years ago
http://www.hazara.net/forum/ismail/ismail.html
The Hazaras are one of several ethnic groups inhabiting 7 million mostly in central Afghanistan. The area is known as Hazarajat or originally Hazaristan. The Hazaras are Muslim and Shi'a in majority, but we also have Sunni's. We speak our own version of Farsi known as the "Hazaragi"dialect. The Hazaras are the second largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. However, as a consequence of the discriminatory and segregationist policies of ruling Afghan/Pashtun governments, they remain politically, economically and socially the most underdeveloped group in Afghanistan society.
http://www.morinhor.com/history/hazara.htm
阿富汗的哈扎拉人
图中蓝色区域为哈扎拉人 
1、哈扎拉人的族源
多数学者经考察认为：阿富汗的哈扎拉人是蒙古族的后裔，尽管他们现在已经不会讲蒙古语，也不使用蒙古族姓名，但他们最早的来源的确是蒙古人。
今天的哈扎拉人主要居住在阿富汗的哈扎拉贾特山区，此外，在坎大哈、赫拉特、构格哈尔、巴达赫尚等省，也散居看一些哈扎拉人。据统计，阿富汗约有130多万哈扎拉人，占全国人口总量的8.6％，是国内第三大民族。
“哈扎拉”是波斯语，意为“一千”。多数学者认为，哈扎拉是成吉思汗及其后人西征后在阿富汗留下的驻屯兵的后裔。早在十三世纪上半叶，蒙古军队占领波斯和中亚一些地区后，就留归镇守官统辖，并留下少量军队驻屯。后来，成吉思汗之孙蒙哥又以千户为单位派遣驻屯军到这里，这些军人的后代就留了下来，与当地的波斯人、塔吉克人、突厥人通婚，融合、繁衍、发展。于是，“哈扎拉”就成了他们的称呼，意指“千户”的后裔。
据欧洲旅行家报道，直到十六世纪初，哈扎拉人还在使用蒙古语，后来才淡忘。现在他们通用塔吉克语。但他们所讲的塔吉克语里仍夹杂看不少蒙古语和突厥语词汇，与纯正塔吉克语相比存有区别。至今，他们还没有自己本民族的文字。
从生理特征上看，哈扎拉人属于蒙古人种，具有蒙古人的体质特征：他们长的大脸盘、高颧骨、少胡须、斜眼角，井有内眦褶相等。虽然他们由于长期以来与当地民族通婚，这些特征已不大典型，若干世纪后经过长期演化甚至还可能完全消失，但不能因此而怀疑他们的蒙古族源。
2、哈扎拉人的习俗
目前，从哈扎拉人的生活习俗上，仍然可以窥见其蒙古族的遗风。
首先，哈扎拉人居住的房舍与传统的蒙古包一样，还是圆形的。在服装上，男人上衣穿无领肥大衬衫，下衣穿灯裤，冬季外罩长袍，腰间束带，有的还要加上一件坎肩。在家时头戴绣花小帽，外出时头缠深色或白色头巾。女人服装与男人的大同小异，基本一致，只是妇女不束腰带，只将头巾包在头上，面部裸露，这与教规的要求有所不同。哈扎拉人的穿着打扮已被中亚穆斯林同化，已没有了蒙古服装的遗风。
其次，哈扎拉人的饮食以烤饼和奶制品为主食，这些与蒙古人的生活方式相同，并且，从奶制品的种类和制作方法上，也能看出与草原蒙古人的联系。哈扎拉人把奶煮沸、发酵、晒干，制成奶酪，这与蒙古人制作奶豆腐的方法基本相同；用做奶酪剩下的乳浆，熬去水制成干酪，这与蒙古人制奶渣的方法相差无几。甚至用酸奶加水制成饮料，用酸奶打制黄油等也与草原蒙古人的制作方法几乎接近。但他们在节庆日的羊肉抓饭则具有更多的中亚风味。
再次，哈扎拉人的婚姻多为一夫一妻制，只有少数富有者为一夫多妻。婚姻由父母包办，几乎没有自由恋爱。订婚这天，男女双方的父亲要举行一个换包仪式。男方家长事先要在给亲家的包里放入一家数量的钱，换包以后，就按人头分糖，凡参加者都得到一份。哈扎拉人婚姻中很重视彩礼题。男女订婚以后，关于彩礼的数量还要协商几次，哈扎拉人当中盛行的是嫡堂婚和交表婚。如果男女双方是堂兄妹或表兄妹，彩礼可以少要些。举行婚礼这一天，先由一位富有的、儿女双全的妇女给新娘梳装打扮，然后，给新娘蒙上盖头，唱离别曲(边哭边唱)，一般只对看母亲和姐妹唱。与此同时，伊斯兰教的毛拉、男性亲属和尊贵客人则聚集在一个大帐篷里，由毛拉诵经析祷，祝贺新人，这一切做完以后，人们把新郎引到唱完离别曲的新娘跟前，新郎将新娘领出帐篷，帮助她骑上早已备好的马或骆驼。新娘家派一位年长女眷与新娘同乘一匹座骑，一直陪送她到新郎家。如果新郎家与新娘同住一村，接亲的队伍则需绕村一周。婚礼期间，一般还要举行赛马、摔跤等娱乐活动，以示庆贺。
附：阿富汗民族分布图
附：阿富汗简介
国名：阿富汗伊斯兰国 （The Islamic State of Afghanistan）。
独立日：８月１９日（１９１９年）。
国庆日：４月２７日（１９７８年）。
国旗：由绿、白、黑三个长方形组成。上方为绿色，其中用阿拉伯文书写“真主伟大”。中部为白色，其中用阿文书写“万物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是安拉的使者”。下方为黑色。
自然地理：面积６５２３００平方公里。是位于亚洲中西部的内陆国，北接土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦，东北突出的狭长地带与中国接壤，东和东南与巴基斯坦毗邻，西与伊朗交界。境内多山，高原和山地占全国面积的４／５，北部和西南部多为平原，西南部有沙漠。平均海拔１０００米。全国最大的兴都库什山脉自东北斜贯西南。主要河流有阿姆河、赫尔曼德河、喀布尔河和哈里鲁德河。大陆性的气候使全国干燥少雨，年温差和日温差均较大，季节明显，冬季严寒，夏季酷热。
人口：１８００万（１９９９／２０００版《世界知识年鉴》）。普什图族占４０％，塔吉克族占３０％，乌兹别克族占９％，哈扎拉族占９％，另外还有土库曼族、俾路支族和努里斯坦族等。普什图语和达里语（即波斯语）是官方语言，其它地方语言有乌兹别克、俾路支、土耳其语等。９８％以上居民信奉伊斯兰教，其中９０％属逊尼派，其余为什叶派。
首都：喀布尔（kabul）。
简史：１５世纪以前是欧洲、中东对印度和远东贸易、文化交流的中心。１５世纪末欧洲至印度的海路开辟后，阿变得闭塞。１７４７年，阿人民赶走波斯侵略者，建立了统一的国家。１８３８—１８４２年英国发动第一次侵阿战争失败；１８７８年英第二次侵阿并与阿签订甘达马克条约，阿丧失外交权。１８８５年沙俄强占阿领地“彭迪”绿洲。１８９３年阿国王阿卜杜尔·拉赫曼和英国签订阿富汗和英属印度间的“杜兰线”新国界协定。１８９５年英俄缔结协定，私分帕米尔地区，并将瓦汗地区划为英俄缓冲地区。１９１９年阿国王阿曼努拉宣布阿富汗独立。１９１９年５月爆发第三次英阿战争，８月英国承认阿独立。１９２９年１月阿右翼宗教势力和部族武装在英唆使下暴动，推翻了阿曼努拉王朝。同年，出身王族的纳第尔自法国返阿，击败部族武装，自立为王。１９３３年纳第尔国王被刺，其子查希尔继位。１９６３年查希尔国王迫使首相达乌德下台。１９７３年达乌德发动军事政变，推翻查希尔王朝，成立阿富汗共和国，达乌德掌权。１９７８年４月，亲苏的阿人民民主党军官发动军事政变，推翻政府，改国名为阿富汗民主共和国，塔拉基执政。次年９月，人民民主党内讧，哈菲佐拉·阿明杀死塔拉基取而代之。１９８７年１１月，阿富汗大支尔格会议做出决定，将阿富汗民主共和国正式改名为阿富汗共和国。１９７９年１２月苏军侵占阿富汗，推翻阿明政权，扶植巴布拉克·卡尔迈勒上台。从此，武装斗争遍及全国，阿游击队与苏联支持的喀布尔政权之间的战争不断进行，给侵略者以有力打击。１９８９年２月１５日，苏军全部撤离阿富汗。１９９２年４月１６日，纳吉布拉总统宣布辞去一切职务。１９９２年４月２８日，改国名为阿富汗伊斯兰国。
維基百科網頁圖片：
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara
Language
Hazaragi language is a unique dialect of the Persian language, with some Mongolian and Turkish vocabulary. Hazaragi is categorized in the Indo-European language family, and 9% of Afghanis speak it.
Religion
Hazaras are predominantly Shia (twelver) Muslims, although there are significant populations of Sunni and Ismaili Hazaras in the north and northwestern Afghanistan. Often Hazaras of the Sunni sect can blur the lines with the Tajiks and Pashtuns. The Aimagh (Chahar Aimaq) Hazaras for instance are predominantly Sunni.
=======================
說印歐語的黃種人。
這裡有很多圖片：
http://www.hazara.com/photo/photos.html
選幾張：
伊朗的，已經混血耶：
http://www.ksafe.com/profiles/p_code/1297.html
The Hazara-Berberi of Iran
The Hazara Berberi are a people of Mongolian decent who immigrated from Afghanistan to Iran in the nineteenth century. The name "Hazara" originally referred to a fighting unit of 1,000 men. Today, it simply means "mountain tribe," and is used in reference to the mountain settlements of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran.
Of the estimated two million Hazara in the world, the vast majority live in Afghanistan. Approximately 98,000 live in Pakistan; and the remainder are scattered throughout the various mountain regions of the Middle East. The Hazara Berberi live primarily in the Iranian province of Khorasan, south of Mashhad. Others live in the rugged Elburz Mountains, just north of Tehran.
The approximate number of Hazara Berberi living in Iran today is just over 67,000. They traditionally lived as nomadic shepherds. Today, however, many have turned to farming as a means of survival.
What are their lives like?
The Hazara Berberi nomads originally immigrated to Iran in search of better pastures for their flocks. They also hoped to escape the consequences of a failed revolt against the Afghan government. In times past, the Hazara Berberi were primarily sheep and goat herders. Today, they have had to rely on farming as a supplement to their shepherding. Their main crops are wheat, barley, beans, and milk, which are the staples of their diet.
The Hazara Berberi are extremely poor, and many still live in a very primitive environment. This is especially true of the nomadic shepherds in the mountainous regions. Their living conditions consist of large tents in which whole families reside. Horseback is their main method of transportation. The more prominent Hazara Berberi live in villages with flat-roofed houses made of stone or mud. Today, due to increased poverty, many of the Hazara Berberi have migrated toward the cities seeking work as day laborers.
The Hazara Berberi prefer to marry first cousins on their father's side of the family (an Islamic tradition), and they seldom marry outsiders. When they do, they usually marry women from nearby Islamic tribes. However, the children of such marriages are not considered Hazara Berberi.
The common language of the Hazara Berberi is Hazaragi, a language that has been passed down for many generations. It is sometimes referred to as Afghan-Persian and it appears to be related to Dari, a language also spoken in the Middle East.
What are their beliefs?
The Hazara Berberi are virtually 100% Muslim, divided into two sects of the Shi'ite order. The dominant sect is the Ithna Ashari, also known as "Twelvers." The second group is known as the Ismailis, or "Seveners." About 95% of the Berberi are Ithna Asharis, and the remainder are Ismailis. Strong negative feelings exist between the two groups.
The Hazara Berberi believe that the way to God is only found in the teachings of their holy book, the Koran. The Muslim religion is a religion of worksased specifically on the five basic teachings or "pillars." In order to attain heaven, one must adhere to these teachings. Muslims believe that there is only one god: Allah. They must pray five times a day, give alms to the poor, fast during the month of Ramadan, and make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once their lifetime.
What are their needs?
The Hazara Berberi are considered one of the least evangelized ethnic groups in the Middle East. Unfortunately, they have been somewhat forgotten by Christian missionaries ever since their identification as a separate ethnic group.
There are only 34 known Hazara Berberi Christians. At the present, only one mission agency is targeting them. Until 1990, there were no known scripture translations in their native language, Hazaragi. In 1995, portions of the New Testament became available; however, the supply is very limited.
Prayer Points
See also the following Hazara Groups:
The Hazara of Pakistan; and The Hazara of Afghanistan.
Statistics
Latest estimates from the World Evangelization Research Center.
THE PEOPLE
THEIR COUNTRY
這個也很精彩耶：
The Hazara are a minority, Shia Muslim, Turko-Mongol people, speaking a Persian language, from the high mountains of Central Afghanistan.
Now let's break that description down into more manageable parts:
The Hazara are a minority. The Hazara make up about 20% of the population of Afghanistan. Their Asian (Mongolian) features immediately distinguish them from other peoples of Afghanistan. The Hazara are visually, linguistically and religiously different from all the other peoples around them. Because of these differences, they have long been despised and persecuted by majority groups. Persecution of the Hazara continues today.
The Hazara are Shia Muslim. The Hazara's identity as a people is largely defined by their Islamic faith. Most Hazara believe that to be Hazara is to be Muslim—they cannot imagine any other alternative. Moreover, they are surrounded by Muslim peoples in every direction. Geographically, they are almost in the very center of the Muslim world. While 85% of all Muslims, and virtually all the other major people groups of Afghanistan, are Sunni, the Hazaras are predominantly Shia. As Shia Muslims, they are inspired by their historical leader Hussein, who was martyred. Many Hazara identify with Hussein in their suffering and persecution. The rift between Sunni and Shia dates back to the 8th Century. Today there is still serious tension between Sunni and Shia Muslims, occasionally erupting in violence.
The Hazara are Turko-Mongol. The Hazara are of predominantly Mongolian ethnic stock. They look like Mongolians and East Asians, but they share a cultural heritage with many of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Some scholars speculate that the Hazara are descendants of the warriors that flooded into Central Asia under the command of the infamous and brilliant leader, Ghengis Khan.
The Hazara speak a Persian language. Most Hazara speak Hazaragi, a variant of the more widely used trade langauge, Dari.
The Hazara are from the mountains of central Afghanistan. These mountains are among the most rugged, least traveled mountains in the world. Consequently, the Hazara have been geographically and culturally isolated from the rest of the world. As a result of this isolation, they remain a predominantly tribal people, relating to one another through family and clan groups.
| 欢迎光临 僚人家园 (http://bbs.rauz.net.cn/) | Powered by Discuz! X2.5 |
