关于壮文
<P>属<a href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/gloss.asp?id=46c1a98625" target="_blank" >汉藏语系</A><a href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/gloss.asp?id=4a71abcc43" target="_blank" >壮侗语族</A><a href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/gloss.asp?id=1a81abcb69" target="_blank" >壮傣语支</A>。主要分布于中国广西壮族自治区﹑云南省文山壮族苗族自治州和广东省怀集﹑连山等地。使用人口约1300万。分南﹑北两个方言。南宋(1127～1279)时﹐曾在汉字的基础上创制过“土俗字”﹐但使用范围不广﹐也无统一规范﹐壮族居民仍多用<a href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/gloss.asp?id=21e1a98426" target="_blank" >汉文</A>。1955年创制了以拉丁字母为基础的<a href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/gloss.asp?id=1321abcd31" target="_blank" >壮文</A>。<A><A > 语音</A> </A><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00001.bmp" align=textTop border=0>单纯声母多在20个左右。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00002.bmp" align=textTop border=0>多数地区有<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>b﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>d两个带前置喉塞音的浊塞音声母﹐有些地方已分别并入m﹑n或v﹑l。来宾等地除<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>b﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>d外﹐还有<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>m﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>n﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00427.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>j﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>v等带前置喉塞音的声母。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00003.bmp" align=textTop border=0>r声类在各地有<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00434.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑r﹑z﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00515.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑hj﹑hl等不同的读法。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00004.bmp" align=textTop border=0>柳江﹑桂北等土语有较多的<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00314.bmp" align=textTop border=0>化和唇化声母﹐如pj﹑mj﹑kj﹑kv﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00427.bmp" align=textTop border=0>v﹑tv﹑lv等﹐有些地方没有﹔邕宁和隆安等地还保留pl﹑phl﹑kl﹑khl﹑ml等复辅音声母(与<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00314.bmp" align=textTop border=0>化声母对应)。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00005.bmp" align=textTop border=0>一般有a﹑e﹑i﹑o﹑u﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0>等元音﹐有些地方还有<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00350.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00682.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00349.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑y。单元音韵都是长的﹐带韵尾的时候﹐有些地方多数元音都有长﹑短的对立﹔有些地方除<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00049.bmp" align=textTop border=0>外﹐其余元音长﹑短对立已趋于消失。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00006.bmp" align=textTop border=0>一般有-i﹑-u﹑-<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑-m﹑-n﹑-<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00427.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹑-p﹑-t﹑-k等韵尾﹐有些地方元音<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0>和韵尾-<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0>已经消失﹐并入i﹑u等元音和-i(南部方言个别地区念y)韵尾﹔有少数地方韵尾k已变成-<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹐或已消失。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00007.bmp" align=textTop border=0>ei﹑ou韵的主要元音e﹑o都是短的﹐有些地方这两个韵分别并入i﹑u或ai﹑au。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00008.bmp" align=textTop border=0>北部方言多数地区带韵尾的长i﹑u﹑<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0>后面都有过渡音<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00349.bmp" align=textTop border=0>﹐而南部方言和北部方言的红水河中﹑下游各地都是单纯的长元音。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00009.bmp" align=textTop border=0>一般有6个舒声调和2个至4个促声调。
<A><A > 语法</A> </A><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00001.bmp" align=textTop border=0>以虚词和词序为主要语法手段。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00002.bmp" align=textTop border=0>语序是﹕主语在谓语前﹐宾语在动词谓语后。如﹕m<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00200.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(你)<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00423.bmp" align=textTop border=0>i<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00854.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(拔)kj<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00196.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(秧)﹐ko<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00438.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(我)ta<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00006.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(运输)p<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00831.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(粪肥)“你拔秧﹐我送粪”。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00003.bmp" align=textTop border=0>以名词或量词为中心的修饰词组﹐除“二”以上的基数词放在量词前﹐量词或数量词组放在名词前外﹐其它修饰成分都在中心词后﹐指示词一般放在整个词组的最后。如﹕so<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00432.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(两)k<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00809.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(棵)fa<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00207.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(树)hu<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00432.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(大)“两棵大树”﹐t<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00440.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(只)<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>bi<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J01168.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(飞)sa<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00432.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(高) sa﹕<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00432.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(高)ha<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00450.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(那)“飞得高高的那一只(动物)”。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00004.bmp" align=textTop border=0>以动词﹑形容词为中心的修饰词组和补充词组﹐修饰成分都在中心词前﹐补充成分都在中心词后。如﹕va<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00203.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(快)pja<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00204.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(走)“快走”﹐<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>b o<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00202.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(不)<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>de<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00010.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(好)“不好”﹐pja<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00204.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(走)<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00423.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00421.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(向)he<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00441.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(边)t<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00339.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(河)“向河边走”。
<A><A > 词汇</A> </A><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00001.bmp" align=textTop border=0>基本词汇以单音词居多﹐复音词大都由两个词根按联合﹑修饰﹑主谓﹑支配﹑补充等关系构成﹐或者由一个词根加上前加成分﹑后加成分构成﹐复音的单纯词很少。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00002.bmp" align=textTop border=0>单音节的动词和形容词后面大都可以加一个描绘性的后加成分﹐以增添某些附加意义或表示与动词有关的声貌或形容词的不同性质﹑程度﹐如﹕ti<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00852.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(跳)ju<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00417.bmp" align=textTop border=0>ju<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00417.bmp" align=textTop border=0>(后加成分)“蹦蹦地跳”﹐<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>dam<SUP>24</SUP>(黑)<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>de<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J01202.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00443.bmp" align=textTop border=0>de<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J01202.bmp" align=textTop border=0> (后加成分)“黑漆漆的”。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00003.bmp" align=textTop border=0>有相当多的<a href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/gloss.asp?id=4311a98535" target="_blank" >汉语</A>借词。在日常谈话中﹐新﹑老借词出现的频率约达词汇总数的20～30％﹐在有关政治﹑经济﹑文化内容的谈话中﹐借词往往多达50～60％。<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/A00004.bmp" align=textTop border=0>汉语老借词已适应各地壮语语音。如汉语阴平﹑阳平﹑阴上﹑阳上﹑阴去﹑阳去﹑阴入﹑阳入各调在各地壮话中都分别读作第1﹑2﹑3﹑4﹑5﹑6﹑7﹑8调﹔少数老借词如p<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00453.bmp" align=textTop border=0>“肥”﹑pu<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T01095.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00345.bmp" align=textTop border=0>“贩”﹑ta<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00324.bmp" align=textTop border=0>“箸”﹑t<IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/T00338.bmp" align=textTop border=0><IMG src="http://kam-tai.org/languages/languagesdangan/images/J00658.bmp" align=textTop border=0>“杖”等还反映出汉语“古无轻唇音”﹑“古无舌上音”等语音特点﹔老借词一般都有派生新词的能力。大部分地区的汉语新借词都从西南官话吸收﹐各地读音一致﹐但音类﹐尤其是调类的对应很不整齐﹐中南部地区的新借词读音则按当地长期形成的老借词读音系统吸收。
<A><A > 方言</A> </A>大致是沿郁江﹑右江走向﹐到平果县以后﹐稍往南偏移﹐然后沿北回归线往西﹐经云南的富宁﹑广南﹑砚山等地直到开远划一条界线﹐线以北为北部方言﹐线以南为南部方言。北部方言又分为邕北﹑红水河﹑柳江﹑桂北﹑右江﹑桂边﹑邱北 7个土语﹔南部方言又分邕南﹑左江﹑德靖﹑砚广﹑文麻 5个土语。方言之间语音的差别比较明显﹐如北部方言一般没有ph﹑th﹑kh等送气塞音声母﹐而南部方言有送气塞音声母。
<A > 参考书目</A>
韦庆稳﹑覃国生﹕《壮语简志》﹐民族出版社﹐北京</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-30 17:18:36编辑过]
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