语言政策(英汉版)[僚人家园]——壮族、布依族、岱侬族共同论坛『Naeuz Vahraeuz 僚语论丛』

黄达武 发表于 2011-5-31 11:07:00

语言政策(英汉版)

language policy语言政策<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular <a title="Language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language">language</a> or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one <a title="Official language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language">official language</a> at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened.<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">许多国家有自己的语言政策，旨在促进或阻止某一特定语言或一系列特定语言的使用。尽管许多国家历史上在损害其它语言的情况下常使用语言政策提倡其官方语言，但如今许多国家使用语言政策来保护和提倡其生存已受到威胁的地区性语言和民族语言。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">Language Policy is what a government does either officially through legislation, court decisions or policy to determine how languages are used, cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages.<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">语言政策是政府正式进行的实践活动，通过立法、法院判决或者政策，政府来决定语言如何使用、如何培育能满足国家发展战略的语言技巧，或确定个人或团体使用和保持语言的权利。<table class="MsoNormalTable" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2;">Contents 内容<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#Overview#Overview">1 Overview</a>         综述</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#Language_regulators#Language_regulators">2 Language regulators</a>语言管理机构           </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#See_also#See_also">3 See also</a>         请参阅</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#Notes#Notes">4 Notes</a>         注解</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#References#References">5 References</a>         参考资料</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#Further_reading#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a>         进一步阅读</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#External_links#External_links">7 External links</a>         外部链接</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2;">[<a title="Edit section: Overview" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_policy&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>] Overview 综述<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">The preservation of cultural and linguistic <a title="Cultural diversity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diversity">diversity</a> in today's world is a major concern to many scientists, artists, writers, politicians, leaders of linguistic communities, and defenders of <a title="Linguistic human rights" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_human_rights">linguistic human rights</a>. More than half of the 6000 languages currently spoken in the world are estimated to be in danger of disappearing during the 21st century. Many factors affect the existence and usage of any given human language, including the size of the native speaking population, its use in formal communication, and the geographical dispersion and the socio-economic weight of its speakers.    National language policies can either mitigate or exacerbate the effects of some of these factors.<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">当今世界，文化和语言多样性的保存，是许多科学家、艺术家、作家、政治家、语言社区的领导和语言人权拥护者极为关注的一个问题。当今世界口头使用的6000种语言，据估计，超半数在21世纪会处在消失的危险边缘。许多因数会影响到任一种人类语言的存在和使用，包括母语人口的多寡，在正式交流场合的使用，地理上的传播以及它的使用者在社会和经济上的地位。国家的语言政策可以减轻或者加剧其中一些因素的影响。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">There are many ways in which language policies can be categorised. It was elaborated by <a title="Université Laval" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniversitÃ©_Laval">Université Laval</a>    <a title="Sociolinguistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics">sociolinguist</a>    <a title="Jacques Leclerc (linguist) (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Leclerc_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1">Jacques Leclerc</a> for the French-language Web site L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde put on line by the <a title="CIRAL (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CIRAL&action=edit&redlink=1">CIRAL</a> in 1999. The collecting, translating and classifying of language policies started in 1988 and culminated in the publishing of Recueil des législations linguistiques dans le monde (vol. I to VI) at Presses de l'Université Laval in 1994.    The work, containing some 470 language laws, and the research leading to publication, were subsidised by the <a title="Office québécois de la langue française" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_quÃ©bÃ©cois_de_la_langue_franÃ§aise">Office québécois de la langue française</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#cite_note-0#cite_note-0"></a> In April 2008, the Web site presented the linguistic portrait and language policies in 354 States or autonomous territories in 194 recognised countries. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#cite_note-1#cite_note-1"></a><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;">语言政策的分类，有许多方法。在1999年CIRAL建立的法语网站“L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde”当中，[加拿大]拉弗尔大学[<a title="Université Laval" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniversitÃ©_Laval">Université Laval</a>]社会语言学家雅克.拉克拉尔克[<a title="Jacques Leclerc (linguist) (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Leclerc_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1">Jacques Leclerc</a>]对此作了精心阐述。语言政策的收集、翻译和分类始于1988年，1994年达到顶点，标志为拉弗尔大学出版社出版的《世界语言法规集[Recueil des législations linguistiques dans le monde]》（卷1至卷4）一书。该著作，包括约470部语言法规和一些最后出版的研究成果，由魁北克法语办公室资助出版。2008年4月，该网站拥有包括354个州或自治地方的语言概述和语言政策等内容，而这些州或自治地方则分布于194个已得到承认的国家当中。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2;">[<a title="Edit section: Language regulators" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_policy&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>] Language regulators 语言管理机构<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="List of language regulators" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators">List of language regulators</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">语言管理机构一览表</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BÃ²rd_na_GÃ idhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">苏格兰盖尔语理事会</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="Dutch Language Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union">Dutch Language Union</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">荷兰语联盟</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="Foras na Gaeilge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">爱尔兰语理事会</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="Office québécois de la langue française" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_quÃ©bÃ©cois_de_la_langue_franÃ§aise">Office québécois de la langue française</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">魁北克法语办公室</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="Welsh Language Board" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board">Welsh Language Board</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">威尔士语言理事会</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;"><a title="Pan South African Language Board" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board">Pan South African Language Board</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">泛南非语言理事会</li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2;">[<a title="Edit section: See also" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_policy&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>] See also 请参阅<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Linguistic rights" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_rights">Linguistic rights</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言权利</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Cultural hegemony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">文化霸权</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Economics of language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_language">Economics of language</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言经济学</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Language Movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Movement">Language Movement</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言运动</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Language planning" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_planning">Language planning</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言规划</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Language politics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_politics">Language politics</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言政治</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Language reform" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_reform">Language reform</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言改革</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Language revival" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revival">Language revival</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言复兴</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Language tax" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_tax">Language tax</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">语言税</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Linguicide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguicide">Linguicide</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Official script" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_script">Official script</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">官方文字</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="Regional language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_language">Regional language</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">地区语言</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="International Mother Language Day" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day">International Mother Language Day</a>      </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">国际母语日</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;"><a title="International Year of Languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Languages">International Year of Languages</a> (2008) </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">国际语言年(2008)</li></ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;">Directions of language policies: </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4;">语言政策的趁势：</li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   <a title="Linguistic imperialism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   语言帝国主义<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   <a title="Linguistic protectionism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_protectionism">Linguistic protectionism</a> and <a title="Linguistic purism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism">Linguistic purism</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   语言保护主义和语言纯粹主义<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   <a title="Linguistic separatism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_separatism">Linguistic separatism</a>      <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6;">Some case studies: </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6;">一些案例研究</li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Europe: <a title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   欧洲：欧洲地区或少数民族语言宪章<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Belgium: <a title="Language legislation in Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium">Language legislation in Belgium</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   比利时：比利时的语言立法<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Croatia: <a title="Croatian linguistic purism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism">Croatian linguistic purism</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   克罗地亚：克罗地亚的语言纯粹主义<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Finland: <a title="Finland's language strife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland's_language_strife">Finland's language strife</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   芬兰：芬兰的语言冲突<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   France: <a title="Language policy in France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy_in_France">Language policy in France</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   法国：法国的语言政策<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Germany: <a title="Germanisation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisation">Germanization</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   德国：德语化<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Latvia: <a title="Language policy in Latvia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia">Language policy in Latvia</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   拉脱维亚：拉脱维亚的语言政策<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Poland: <a title="Polonization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonization">Polonization</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   波兰：波兰语化<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Slovakia: <a title="Language law of Slovakia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_law_of_Slovakia">Language law of Slovakia</a>, <a title="Slovakization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakization">Slovakization</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; mso-para-margin-left: 1.71gd;">   斯洛伐克：斯洛伐克的语言法律，斯洛伐克语化<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Spain: <a title="Language politics in Francoist Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_politics_in_Francoist_Spain">Language politics in Francoist Spain</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   西班牙：佛朗哥时期的西班牙语言政治<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Former Soviet Union: <a title="Russification" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification">Russification</a>, <a title="Ukrainization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainization">Ukrainianization</a>, <a title="Education in the Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union">Education in the Soviet Union</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   前苏联：俄语化，乌克兰语化，苏联的教育<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   United Kingdom: <a title="Welsh Not" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Not">Welsh Not</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   英国：威尔士语，不！<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Canada: <a title="Bilingualism in Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canada">Bilingualism in Canada</a>, <a title="Official Languages Act (Canada)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)">Official Languages Act (Canada)</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   加拿大：加拿大的双语制，《官方语言法（加拿大）》<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Pakistan: <a title="Bengali Language Movement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   巴基斯坦：孟加拉语运动<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   Arab world: <a title="Arabisation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisation">Arabisation</a>      <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;"><span lang="EN" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">.   阿拉伯世界：阿拉伯化<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9;">[<a title="Edit section: Notes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_policy&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>] Notes注解</li></ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#References#References">References</a>参考资料</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#Further_reading#Further_reading">Further reading</a>进一步阅读</li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-outline-level: 2;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy#External_links#External_links">External links</a>外部链接<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33.15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-outline-level: 2;">  <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2;">英文出处:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy</a>。Retrieved on the date of 2011-05-30.注：大卫语言工作室    黄达武助理研究员    提供汉译稿。英文原稿对所涉人、物的个人观点，不代表大卫语言工作室的观点。2011-5-30

土人香草 发表于 2011-5-31 11:17:00

还是乱码，比侬应该先把文章放在文本文件里编辑一下，就可以去掉网络格式。然后复制贴上。

黄达武 发表于 2011-6-1 08:10:00

接受

昨天上传时发现是一堆乱码，今天来看已正常。编辑时去掉网络上的格式是个好主意，docih lo!

王峒淦 发表于 2011-5-31 13:55:00

<div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder">以下是引用土人香草在2011-5-31 11:17:57的发言： 还是乱码，比侬应该先把文章放在文本文件里编辑一下，就可以去掉网络格式。然后复制贴上。</div>我这里显示都很正常啊？

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僚人家园's Archiver

语言政策(英汉版)

接受