莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:22:00

《壮族通史》——僚人不可不读的历史

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">很早以来,我国就是一个由众多民族结合而成的国家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">各民族共同缔造了我们的伟大祖国,开拓了辽阔的疆土,创造了灿烂的文化。勤劳、勇取、智慧的壮族就是我国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">55</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个少数民族中人口最多、历史悠久的一个民族。自古以来,壮族就繁衍生息于岭南的广大地区。壮族的先民是岭南最早的开拓者。在漫长的历史长河中,他们以自己辛勤的双手和智慧,创造了许多闪烁着人类智慧之光的文化成就</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族是稻作民族,其先民对栽培水稻的贡献,在我国,乃至世界的水稻栽培史上占有重要的地位。他们的造船技术也为我国造船业的发展作出过重要贡献。壮族的制糖业和纺织业在我国历史上也是名列前茅的,尤其是制糖业,直到今日仍处于我国的领先地位。壮族又是一个能歌善唱的民族,他们的歌墟和铜鼓、花山崖壁画是我国艺苑中的奇葩,丰富了祖国的艺术宝库</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族是一个富于开放性的民族,最早接触和吸取了中原华夏文化,而且很早就开辟了海上通道,共其精美的瓷器通过海路远销东南亚等地区。壮族又是一个富有革命斗争精神的民族,具有光荣的革命传统。在震撼中外的太平天国革命运动中,壮族人民作出过伟大的贡献。本世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代,壮族人民投入土地革命斗争,在邓小平和张云逸同志领导下建立了左右江革命根据地,在我国革命史上写下光辉的一页。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族为保卫祖国边疆、维护祖国统一和领土的完整也作出了重大贡献。然而,由于历史上存在民族压迫制度的原因,壮族的光荣历史却鲜为世人所知。原广西壮族自治区人民政府副主席、顾问张声震同志,近十年来从事壮族文化遗产的收集整理和壮族历史的研究,成效显著。以他任主编,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多位学者参加,集体创作的《壮族通史》,把壮族丰富的历史生动地展现在我们眼前,解答了有关壮族史中的问题,意义是十分重大的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《壮族通史》的出版不仅是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1600</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多万壮族同胞的心愿,也是我国民族研究战线值得庆贺的一件大事。它对提高壮族人民的自尊心、自信心和自豪感将会起到积极作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">同时,对于海内外各族人民了解壮族,增进国内兄弟民族的友谊、团结,增进民族间的友好往来,都是很重要的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值得一提的是,参加本书编写的不仅有壮族学者,还有长期从事壮族史研究的汉族专家。本书的编写过程充分体现了民族团结合作的精神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">张声震同志要我为本书的出版写篇序,我作为一个长期从事民族工作的同志,十分愉快地接受了任务,写了如上的一番话。谨以此表达我对本书出版的热忱祝贺!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 320pt; TEXT-INDENT: -320pt; mso-char-indent-count: -20.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">江平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 320pt; TEXT-INDENT: -320pt; mso-char-indent-count: -20.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1994. 5. 17<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><br/>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:23:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">绪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现代壮族人口分布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现代壮族,是伟大的统一的多民族的祖国大家庭中的重要一员,是我国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">55</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个少数民族中人口最多的民族,共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1600</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多万人口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1991</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年统计数,下同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。壮族人口主要分布在祖国的南疆,东起广东省连山壮族瑶族自治县、西至云南省文山壮族苗族自治州、南至北部湾、北达贵州省从江县一带、西南与越南接壤。这一辽阔的地区,聚居着全国壮族人口的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">99. 73%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。其中分布在广西壮族自治区的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多万人,占全自治区总人口的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">33. 6%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,占全国壮族人口总数的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">93.7%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,主要聚居在百色、河池、南宁、柳州等四个地区和南宁、柳州两个地级市,四地两市壮族人口占广西壮族人口总数的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">91%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,土地面积约占全自治区总土地面积的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。分布在云南省文山壮族苗族自治州的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">87. 1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万多人,散居于云南省其他地方的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12. 9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分布在广东省连山壮族瑶族自治县等地的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4. 8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人;分布在贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1. 57</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万人;分布在新疆维吾尔自治区的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4453</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">还有约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多人散居在湖南省江华瑶族自治县内;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2976</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人散居于四川省宁南、木里、会东等县;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">余人散居在陕西省柞水县</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">见图一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族分布的自然地理环境</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族聚居地区,四周边缘多山。西部属云贵高原的边缘,有六诏山脉纵横云南文山壮族苗族自治州境内并延伸至广西的那坡县,海拔在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1300-1500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米之间;广西境内百色地区有金钟山、岑王老山、青龙山等;北部是桂北边缘山脉,有凤凰山、九万大山、大苗山、大南山和天平山等山脉,海拔平均在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1300-1500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米之间,越城岭主峰苗儿山</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">又称猫儿山</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">海拔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2141</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,是广西第一高峰。东部广东连山的壮族靠萌渚岭而聚居</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中部偏东盘亘着大瑶山、莲花山等山脉,海拨都在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米以上,主峰圣堂山海拔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1979</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西由西北向东南走向的弧形山脉主要有都阳山、大明山等,大明山主峰海拔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1760</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米;南部和西南部边缘为十万大山、公母山、大青山等,海拔也都在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米以上。壮族地区山多地少,素有“八山一水一分田一片海”之称,山区、丘陵占土地面积的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">82%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">左右。丘陵分布很广,主要在山地前缘或谷地、河流两岸、盆地周围,丘陵海拔一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100-400</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,坡度较缓、土层深厚、气候炎热</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雨水丰富,光照条件好,适宜于农业、林业和牧业的发展,是壮族地区人口较为稠密的地方,每平方公里大约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">124. 62</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1986</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,是农业和多种经营较为发达的地区。壮族地区平原少,且分布零星,比较大的平原有右江谷地,面积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">350</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方公里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">南宁盆地,面积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">238</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方公里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">宁明谷地面积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">114</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方公里,它们实际上都属盆地。右江河谷地势平坦,土地肥沃,光照充足、水热条件好,发展农业十分有利,是水稻和甘蔗、芒果的生产基地,素有“桂西明珠“之称。壮族地区石山面积大,且分布广。仅广西境内壮族聚居的河池、柳州和南宁三个地区,裸露型的喀斯特地貌分别占三地区土地面积的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">66%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">63%,58%,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">喀斯特地貌是“九分石头一分土”,可谓是当代人类居住生存条件最恶劣的地区之一,生产条件极差,连人和牲畜饮水都困难,严重制约着当地经济的发展。然而喀斯特地貌区,由于久受雨水侵蚀,形成了优美多姿的石笋、石洞、石峰等奇峰异洞,类似桂林、阳朔的优美自然景观,在壮族居住区属喀斯特地貌处随处可见。如文山州广南县有莲洞、白云洞、响泉瀑布,文山县有仙人洞等;柳州市有闻名于世的白莲洞;武鸣有伊岭岩可与桂林的七星岩、芦笛岩相媲美。这些天然美景都有发展民族旅游的潜力。广西喀斯特地貌区地下矿藏很丰富,有色金属、稀有金属、非金属矿藏储量居全国前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">名的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,尤以锰、锡、锑、铝土、石灰岩的储量著称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">云南省文山州已发现的矿藏有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">48</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,将成为云南省锡、锑、锰的主要生产基地壮族聚居区南部有宽阔的海域,大陆海岸线</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1595</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里,北部湾为最大的海湾,是我国与越南共同的海域。北部湾是中国重要热带鱼场,鱼类有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">湾内产著名的“南珠”。沿海大小港湾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">48</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,已开辟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">21</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个为港口,广西海域面向东南亚,西连中南半岛,处于我国由海路通往中东、非洲以及欧洲的便捷通道位置,具有十分重要的战略地位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族地区地处低纬,北回归线横穿中部的上林、德保、那坡以及云南的文山州一线,属亚热带季风湿润气候区域。气温高、夏长而炎热,冬短</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或无冬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而暖和,春秋季相连,热量丰富,雨季长,雨量充沛雨热同季,干湿季分明,因此生物种类繁多,资源十分丰富。广西拥有植物资源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多种,是我国植物种类最多的省区之一,而广西的植物资源绝大部分分布在壮族地区。壮族聚居的柳州地区就有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多种,有乔木树种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1800</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多种,药用植物有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多种,是全国热带、亚热带水果产区之一,土特产有数百种,素有“土特产仓库”之称。动物资源种类很多,两栖动物、爬行类动物、蜥蝎类、鸟类、兽类等均分别占全国的一半或三分之一,列入国家保护的稀有动物有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">43</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,占国家保护动物种类的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3 0%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族地区河流众多,但分布不均。云南省文山州境内较大的河流有盘龙江、大马河、清水江;广西壮族地区的河流大多属于西江水系,主要有红水河、柳江、黔江、左江、右江、郁江等。由于河流众多,降水丰沛,径流量大,地表水资源极为丰富,居全国第五位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">水电资源理论蕴藏量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1752</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万千瓦,居全国第八位,红水河被誉为全国水电资源“富矿”。至于喀斯特地区,地表河流相对贫乏,但地下水资源极为丰富,约为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">440</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">亿立方米,可惜地下水埋藏一般较深,开发利用难度较大。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:24:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族研究概述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#ff0000" size="5">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font color="#ff0000" size="5"><strong>壮族系古百越族群支系西瓯、骆越的后裔</strong></font>。<font color="#0000ff" size="4">秦汉至唐代,其族称又多有变化,见载于史籍者有西瓯、骆越、乌浒、俚、僚、伶等。壮人古来有自称,但很不统一,如布侬、布夷、布土、布泰、布曼、布沙、布雅衣、布僮等等,这与壮族支系多有密切关系。“僮”见载于史籍者始于宋。因此史学者多把宋以前史籍记载的百濮、百越、西瓯、骆越、乌浒、俚、僚等等视为壮族的先民。汉文史籍的种种记述,虽说不上对壮族先民的研究,但作为今天我们研究壮族的历史渊源,无疑具有十分重要的历史价值。</font>秦汉统一岭南以后,我国大一统国家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">形成,中央王朝在岭南设立郡县治理,大量汉人南下“与越杂处”,壮汉族先民经济文化交往日渐密切,汉文古籍有关壮族先民的记载就更多了。今见传于世而著称者如汉代袁康、吴平之《越绝书》,司马迁的《史记》,淮南王刘安的《淮南子?人间训》,刘向的《说苑?善说?越人歌》,杨孚的《南州异物志》,魏晋南北朝时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">吴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万震的《南州异物志》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">晋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">裴渊的《广州记》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">晋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刘欣期的《交州记》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">南朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">沈怀远的《南越志》等隋唐五代时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">王范的《交广二州记》,房千里的《南方异物志》,孟琯的《岭南异物志》,莫休符的《桂林风土记》,刘询的《岭表录异》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">南汉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《南汉刘氏兴亡录》等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">至北宋中叶,壮族首领侬智高起义被镇压以后,中原王朝在广西壮区普遍设立土官制度加强统治,大批文武官员及文人进入壮族地区,写了许多关于壮族地区的历史事件、风土人情、山川河泊、物产资源等论著,尤以元、明、清三代著述最多,内容更加广泛,如宋代郑樵《通志?南蛮上下》,李昉《太平御览?四夷部》,张田《广西会要》,乐史《太平寰宇记?南蛮三四》,范成大《桂海虞衡志》,周去非《岭外代答》,罗大经《桂林记》,膝元发《征南录》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">明代邝露《赤雅》,田汝成《炎徼纪闻》,欧大任《百越先贤志》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鄢棐《岭南诸夷志》,魏浚《广西土司志》,无名氏《粤西诸夷土司考》,吴文华《粤西疏稿》,马光《西粤梦游录》,羊复蠡《两广纪略》,郭应聘《西南纪事》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">清代顾祖禹《读史方舆纪要?广西》,曹仁虎《续文献通考?广西土司一二》,钱元昌《粤西诸图记》,林德均《粤西溪蛮琐记》,陆柞蕃《粤西偶记》,张祥河《粤西笔述》,王考泳《岭西杂录》,朱椿《广西郡县地理图册》,吴绮《岭南风物记》,李调元《南越笔记》,王甲荣《徭侗僮苗述略》,汪森《粤西文载》、《粤西丛载》、《粤西诗载》,陆次云《峒溪纤志》,张维屏《桂游日记》施闰章《使广西记》,徐延旭《田阳纪事》等等。此外,还有专门论述岭南少数民族反抗斗争,社会概况、地理环境、民族风俗、物产资源等等著作。他们在不同的时代,不同的地点,以不同的角度,记述了岭南少数民族的各方面情况。这些著述虽然还说不上是对壮族问题的专门研究,且出自封建统治者或封建文人之手,多受历史局限、民族偏见、阶级烙印之影响,立场观点自有偏颇,难免用了许多歪曲、诬蔑、谩骂,嘲讽之词。但是,他们留下了丰富宝贵的历史资料,是研究壮族和岭南其他少数民族的重要依据。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">回顾中外学者研究壮族大约已有一百年的历程,大致又可分为三个阶段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一阶段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪末至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代,外国人研究壮族。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西方学者研究壮族间题始于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪末叶,其时帝国主义列强竞相侵略东南亚及中国南方各省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他们出于侵略的目的,需要了解这个地区的地理、历史、民族、语言、习俗等等问题,适应帝国主义利益需要,有些殖民机构的官员,有些传教的牧师,有些学者,先后进入东南亚及中国南方各省作调查研究。最早是英国人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1880</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,阿?柯奎翁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;1909</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,亨?理?戴维斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,然后是法国人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1897</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,皮?勤?邦德里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,美国人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">威?克?杜德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,他们从对缅甸的掸族、泰国的泰族研究起,联系到中国的壮族、布依族,他们通过对泰国泰族及广西、广东云南文山壮族的实地调查,发现泰语与壮语的词汇基本或大部分相同,应该肯定这是他们调查研究的成绩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但遗憾的是,他们据此竟把壮族与泰国的泰族混同,并武断地说壮族就是泰族,把操壮侗语族语言的民族都称之为泰族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西方学者的这种泛泰观点曾影响了泰国、日本学者,有些学者曾发表文章,把居住在中国的壮侗语族诸民族称为东泰,居住泰国的泰族称为西泰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.1925</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,泰国共丕耶达玛銮拉查奴帕亲王</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">丹隆亲王</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在泰国朱拉隆功大学讲授泰国历史,后将讲稿汇集成《暹罗古代史》一书出版,因此赢得“暹罗历史之父”桂冠。他说“泰人在佛历纪元以前,早已成为亚洲东部之一大民族。虽在今日,泰族除暹罗国以外,杂居别地亦多,中国沿边各省、东京、缅甸以至于印度边陲之亚山省皆有泰人,惟其名因地而殊,有呼为暹罗人者,有呼为老</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">佬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人者,有呼为长人者,有呼为巉人者,有呼为(挠)人者,有呼为黎人者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">......</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而照原名呼为泰。间亦有之,以上所列名虽各异,然其为泰族也则一’,这位亲王虽已认识到操壮侗语族语言的民族“惟其名因地各异</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,但也与西方学者一样坚待“然其为泰族也则一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的观点。后来暹罗政府总理銮披汶利用学术上的泛泰主义妄图推行政治上的大泰族主义,他把语言作为识别民族的主要标志,又把国家与民族混为一谈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font><chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="24" month="6" year="1939" wst="on"></chsdate><font face="Times New Roman">1939</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">6</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">24</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span><chsdate></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">是暹罗国庆日,銮披汶把暹罗改为泰国,提出要建立“大东亚泰族联邦”的主张,这个联邦包括我国操壮侗语族语言的傣、壮、侗、布依、水、黎等民族,越南的岱、泰、侬等</span><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">民族,老挝的老龙族,缅甸的掸族,印度阿萨姆邦的阿洪姆民族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">地域包括我国的广东、广西、云南、贵州等省,越南北部,老挝全部,缅甸北部,印度的阿萨姆邦。这样,学术研究上的泛泰主义便演变为政治上的扩张主义,理所当然为我国和有关各国所反对,我国《大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公报》等报刊曾发表社评,抨击銮披汶的扩张主义,挫败其阴谋计划</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">丹隆亲王在《暹罗古代史》中说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“泰族初发源于中国之南方如云南、贵州、广西、广东四省,以前皆为独立国家,泰人散处各地,中国人称之曰番,至于泰人放弃故土,迁徙缅甸及佬、蛮等地之原因,实由于汉族开拓领土”丹隆亲王的这段论述,道出泰、壮民族有密切的渊源关系,为泰壮民族渊源研究指出了方向,无疑是一个极大的贡献。但泰族的迁徙根源还应继续深入研究才是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第二阶段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代至新中国成立时代,中国人研究壮族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">本世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代,国民党政府面对帝国主义对我国边陲的侵略,积极加强对边疆少数民族的统治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">应该肯定国民党政府在某些方面做了一些有益于边疆少数民族的好事,如广西成立了“苗徭教育馆”、“广西省特种教育师资训练所</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,专门从事苗瑶人才的培训。但它们在民族问题上的理论和政策则基本上是错误的。国民党在理论上一贯否认中国有少数民族的存在,说什么“中国只有宗教之分而没有民族之分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">",</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒋介石在《中国之命运》中说“中国所有民族都是汉族宗亲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">".</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他们背叛了孙中山的“五族共和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">""</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">民族平等”的学说和主张,极力倡导大汉族主义,为其民族压迫政策制造理论根据。在实践上,它们采取一系列强制措施,如在少数民族地区设置“设治局”,成立“风俗改良委员会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,派出武装军警实行镇压,强迫少数民族改变服式和风俗习惯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这种强制民族同化政策,必然激起民族矛盾的日益尖锐化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与此同时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我国学术界一些有识之士,出于对边疆国土沦丧和少数民族的关心,开始注意研究少数民族问题,包括对壮族的调查研究。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1928</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月,中山大学语言历史研究周刊同时登载钟敬文的《僮民考略》、石兆棠的《僮人调查》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,1929</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年《科学》杂志发表了丁文江《广西懂语的研究》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,1931</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年《文史学研究所月刊》登刊罗香林《古代越族考》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,1934</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月《艺风》月刊载石兆棠的《柳州僮人片断的记述》等。广西永福县人刘锡蕃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刘介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">利用长期担任广西特种教育师资培训所所长之机到少数民族地区实地调查,广泛搜集资料、历史文献,著有《岭表纪蛮》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1934</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年商务印书馆出版</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,这本书内容丰富,论述比较全面,涉及历史、语言、习俗、宗教、家庭、文化、交通等方面。可以说,这本书是系统研究壮族最早的著作之一,至今仍有参考价值。由于刘氏没有摆脱统治阶级对少数民族的偏见,此书仍有歧视少数民族的观点与内容。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对壮族研究有大建树者首推徐松石,徐系广西容县人,后在上海任史地教授,他撰写的专著《粤江流域人民史》、《泰族僮族粤族考》、《东南亚民族的中国血统》,这几本书有如下特点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他多次长期深入壮族地区进行实地考察,把调查研究心得和历史文献记载结合起来研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他用“地名研究考证法”结合语言比较法、风俗比较法、考古学等来论证壮族的历史。阐明壮族乃是岭南土著民族,并论述壮族与古代百越人的密切关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“在考证上所用的方法很多,最主要的一个,乃从地理而推测历史,用地名以证实古代的居民,”地名研究比较法“对于中国历史尤其是西南部分的研究确有特殊的价值”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他能平等看待少数民族,与历代统治阶级及封建文人对少数民族均好用“犭”字旁相反,在其著作中对壮、瑶、苗均用“亻”旁或“彳”旁,足见他对壮、瑶等少数民族的观点与前人有别。<font color="#ff0000" size="6">尤其值得赞扬的是,他的著作充满了对壮族人民诚挚、深厚的感情和深刻的认识,他说“作者研究岭南古代史地愈深,愈觉得僮人文化悠久,历史绵远,民性优良,力量宏厚,而以前对于国家的贡献也极伟大。我不期然而自然的对僮族的同胞发生了一种爱慕的心”</font></span><font size="6"><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“作者祖籍粤东新兴而分居梧郡,因为女性祖系的遗传藐躬有深浓的僮族血液流贯着,引为生平无上的荣耀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经过长期考察研究以后,在《泰族僮族粤族考》“僮族的优点”一节中,概括出壮族有八大优点,说“僮胞的隽秀”“值得我们欣欢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">".</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他预见“将来中华民族国防建设上,僮族健儿必将有惊天动地的贡献</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,在那个时代,能如此正确对待和认识少数民族,是极其难能可贵的<font color="#0000ff" size="5">。</font></span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="5">(</font></span></font><font size="5"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></font></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="5"><font color="#0000ff">他发现了壮族与壮侗语族诸民族即傣、布依、侗、黎以及泰国的泰族、老挝的老族、缅甸的掸族有历史渊源关系。他的这一论断已为今天民族研究证实是正确的。数十年前有此论断,确非易事</font>。〔</font>五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">徐松石在《东南亚民族的中国血缘》中把现代的壮族与泰国的泰族区分开,他说“无疑今日广西的僮人,是泰国小泰人最近的亲属”既看到壮族与泰族的亲近,又看到了他们的区别,不再把两者混为“广义上的僮泰族”了。这无疑是对西方学者早就宣扬的泛泰族说的否定。但是,徐松石也受到时代的局限,在其著述中仍有自相矛盾之处如既论证壮族为岭南土著,又说壮泰源出于古代的九夷九黎八蛮的地区即自冀豫而至荆阳等州既论证了壮为一个民族,又曾说“僮佬也的确是千真万确的汉族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在后来著的《泰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">族僮族粤族考》一书中就不见提此观点了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第三阶段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">新中国成立以来的壮族研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1949</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年新中国成立后,中国共产党以马克思主义民族观看待民族问题,实行民族平等、团结各民族共同繁荣政策,壮族被确认为一个少数民族,是统一多民族祖国大家庭中平等的一员,并享有实行民族区域自治的权利,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年建立了广西壮族自治区这给壮族开辟了新纪元。恢复了她应有的地位。随之,壮族研究也成为我国民族研究的重要课题。在马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想及“百花齐放,百家争鸣”方针的指导下,壮族研究走上一个全新的发展阶段,取得了前所未有的丰硕成果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、对壮族社会的经济基础、历史、语言、习俗、现状作了全面系统的调查研究。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1951</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,中央民族访问团广西分团到壮族地区进行慰问,随团专家、学者调查研究了壮族的历史、语言、风俗和现状。广西分团副团长费孝通先生就其调查所得资料撰写了《关于广西壮族历史的初步推考》,他用历史学、民族学、语言学、考古学的资料探讨壮族的起源,这是新中国成立后,不带民族偏见写出的第一篇公开发表的研究壮族历史的论文。文中写道“壮族自称‘越伊人’,使我们联想到古代东南沿海的‘于越人’,广西的壮族可能就是这古代民族余留到现在的一部分”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1952</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,中国科学院语言研究所袁家骅教授率队到广西调查壮族语言,为创造拼音壮文作准备</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.1954</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">桂西壮族自治区壮文研究指导委员会成立。经过数年的努力,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1955</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年制定了拼音壮文方案,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1957</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月国务院周恩来总理正式批准了壮文方案,随后在壮区试行推广受到广大壮族人民的欢迎,从而结束了壮族无统一民族文字的时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1953</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,开展民族识别工作,中南民族事务委员会、广西省民族事务委员会联合派出人员,到龙州、平果、龙胜等县的壮族地区进行调查研究。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1954</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年写成长篇调查研究报告</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1956</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,根据党中央组织少数民族地区社会历史调查的指示,广西少数民族社会历史调查组对壮区进行了广泛深入的调查,参加调查的老一辈学者有杨成志、岑家梧、黄现藩、石钟健、汪明瑀、刘介、唐兆民等,经过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年的努力,分别写出大新、凌乐、宜山、环江、南丹、田东、东兰、天峨、那坡、西林、隆林、百色、都安、武鸣、上林、马山、上思等县的壮族社会历史调查报告,有数百万字,现已公开出版《广西壮族社会历史调查》第一至第七册,为世人系统深入研究壮族提供了珍贵资料。这些调查报告侧重政治和经济基础,对传统文化、宗教信仰的调查较少。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1982</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西人民出版社出版了广西民族研究所编的《广西少数民族地区石刻碑文集》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年又出版了《广西少数民族地区碑文契约资料集》,所录碑文绝大多数与壮族历史有关,史料价值极高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1990</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西民族研究所重点调查了壮族地区的龙胜、象州、昭平、忻城、环江、天峨、平果、崇左、龙州、靖西、那坡、钦州等县以及云南省文山、麻栗坡、马关、西畴等县的民族传统文化,填补了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代社会调查的不足</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1991-1992</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,根据国家民委及中国社会科学院的统一布置,广西民族研究所等联合进行边疆民族经济调查,取得了丰富资料,写了调查研究报告,为国家实行沿边对外开放作准备。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、壮族研究的范围日益广泛,研究的层次日益加深,研究的质量日益提高。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">自建国至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代这段时期,随着党的民族区域自治政策的实行、广西壮族自治区的建立、拼音壮文的创制与推行,以及人民群众文化生活的需要,壮族研究主要在壮族历史、壮语文、民间文学艺术等领域得到较大的开展,尤其在壮族史研究方面,一些学者进行了深层次探索研究,产生了质量较高的成果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代初期,学术研究自由,思想较活跃,史学界知名学者曾就壮族历史诸问题专门召开过学术讨论会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这无疑对推广和深化壮族史的研究起到了积极的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1957</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,刘介在《广西日报》连续发表三篇论文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《略论壮族名称在历史上的衍化及壮族的伟大贡献》、《再论壮族名称在历史上的衍化》、《为什么说壮族名称可能起源于庆远南丹》。刘氏疏通了壮族名称在历史上更迭的脉络,并谈到了与毗邻民族的历史关系。值得注意的是,他从考古、历史文献资料论证壮族是两广的原始居民,改变了在《岭表纪蛮》一书中提出的壮族西来说的观点。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">方国瑜教授撰《壮族—有悠久历史的民族》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">发表于《云南日报》</span><chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="5" month="7" year="1957" wst="on"></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1957</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span><chsdate></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一文认为“从各方面的记载来看,以现在的民族名称解说夜郎为布依族、句町为壮,可能主要是侬人,南张以北的卧漏人,可能主要是沙人,而近红河以东的进桑,可能主要是土族人,这些集团,都属于壮语族,有亲密的历史渊源。”随后,说“壮人是古越的后裔。云南东南部的侬人、沙人和僚人,也是壮语族的支系,古为句町部族”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1957</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西人民出版社出版了广西师范学院黄现藩教授编著的《广西壮族简史》一书,这是壮族学者写的第一部壮族历史书该书对广西壮族的起源、社会组织、革命斗争、生活习俗,文化艺术、语言文字都有简要论述。特别值得注意的是,他认为壮族起源自上古的百濮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年为迎接广西壮族自治区诞生,民族出版社出版了黄藏苏编写的《广西壮族历史和现状》一书,此书对壮族的称谓梳理得简明扼要,首次公布了各种不同的壮族自称,阐述了壮族社会发展的基础</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西少数民族社会历史调查组着手搜集资料,研究、编写《壮族简史》,为了解决壮族史上的三大问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一是族源问题,二是壮族历史上是否经过奴隶制社会问题,三是侬智高起兵反宋的性质问题,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西民族事务委员会在南宁召开了有各省学者参加的壮族史学术讨论会。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,全国民族历史研究工作指导委员会在北京召开壮族历史科学讨论会,著名学者范文斓、翦伯赞、吴晗、白寿彝、刘大年、邓广铭、向达等出席了会议</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这两次讨讨论会,就上述三大问题进行了认真的讨论。经过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">22</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年断断续续的努力,终于在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1978</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年由广西民委召开第三次壮族历史科学讨论会,再次对上述壮族历史上的三大问题进行讨论,第一、第三个问题意见趋于一致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第二个间题,有三种观点,未能统一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">详见下述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。《壮族简史》于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年出版,上述诸问题的讨论成果,已基本上反映到该书中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这本书对壮族历史的发展脉络写得更清晰、观点更明朗、史料更丰富,是目前较好的一本壮族历史书</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1982</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年出版了广西民族学院民族研究室撰写的《壮族历史人物传》,以人物为主干,论述了一些重大历史事件,是《壮族简史》的一个补充。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1983</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西人民出版社出版了黄现藩的遗著《侬智高》,该书史料丰富,正面论述侬智高起兵反宋的正义性质。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1986</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年广西人民出版社出版了欧阳若修等合著的《壮族文学史》。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1988</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年黄现藩、黄增庆、张一民合著的《壮族通史》出版,史料比《壮族简史》更丰富。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1989</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年范宏贵、顾有识编的《壮族论稿》,袁少芬主编的《当代壮族探微》出版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代至今,随着拨乱反正,党的民族政策进一步落实,国家进入改革开放新时期,壮族研究无论就其广度和深度而言,都呈现出空前兴旺繁荣的景象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">综观这一时期,发表了有关壮族历史的论文计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多篇,超过以往任何一个时期,对过去探讨过的问题,加深了研究的层次。同时,开拓了新的研究领域,产生了大批新成果,出版了大批专著,可以归纳为以下十多个方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">百越史、乌浒、俚人、僚人研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族图腾、风俗、婚俗研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">〔三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族文学研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">左江流域崖壁画研究、铜鼓文化研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族原始宗教巫经的整理与研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族奴隶社会的研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">七</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族古代哲学思想研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">八</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族称谓出现的问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">九</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">土官</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">司</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">制度与改土归流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族历史人物研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">侬智高、瓦氏夫人抗倭等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族地区的半殖民地半封建化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族各个时代的革命运动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族与太平天国、壮族与中法战争、壮族与辛亥革命、左右江革命运动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族与旧桂系军阀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族语言文字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">古壮字的整理与研究、壮汉词汇研究、壮语地名的整理与研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族传统体育、舞蹈的整理与研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族医药的整理与研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十七</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族与其他民族的关系。其中论述较深,影响较大的专著已流行中外,从而开创了壮族研究的新局面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">新中国建立以来,台湾学者对壮族历史的了解研究甚少。有的学者仍持旧有的观点,在有关壮族的著述中竟说“今日僮人早与汉人同化,所谓僮人,只是历史上的名词而已。”这显然是不符合实际的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这段时期世界各国研究壮族的学者人数与成果较多者首推日本。在社会、经济方面的研究有日本学者藤本光</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1952</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年著《关于南宋的广马交易和西南诸国的状况》、《关于南宋的广马贸易和西南诸县的情况》、《横山寨考》、《关于广马和广监的关系》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.1953</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年著《南宋广马考—关于其发端与结局》,还有河源正博</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1969</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年出版的《关于宋代羁糜州、洞的计口给田》日野三郎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1970</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年出版的《唐代岭南的金银流通》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">*</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">田诚之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1983</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《唐宋时期华南少数民族的动向—重点考察广西左右江流域的少数民族》及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《明清时期壮族佃户化的考察》。在迁徙方面的研究有河源正博</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1955</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《蛮酋的内徙》,环田诚之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《明代壮族的迁徙与生态—明清时期壮族史研究之一》。对唐代黄乾曜、宋代侬智高起兵的研究有河源正博</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1959</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《侬智高叛乱与交趾》,小川博</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1965-1967</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《宋代侬智高的事迹》、《关于侬智高叛乱的几个问题》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《唐代西原蛮叛乱》、《华南少数民族史之一瞥》,谷口房男</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1983</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《嘉靖海寇扫荡和瓦氏夫人》松本光太郎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1989</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年撰《壮民族意识的“再生”—从“汉人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">后裔到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">》。在民族关系研究方面有绫部恒雄著《泰族的社会与文化》一书,把泰族划分为两支</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西支佛教徒各泰族,东支非佛教徒各泰族,把我国的壮族、布依族,越南的侬族、土族都列为东支泰族。显然,他仍然摆脱不了西方学者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代泛泰族观点的影响</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外有谷口房男撰《关于唐宋时期的“平蛮颂”华南少数民族汉化过程的一个断面》。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">越南与我国壮族地区相毗邻,在历史上关系密切,越南又有与壮族起源相同的岱族、侬族,因此对壮族研究也较注意。我国学者认为骆越是壮族、越南京族的先民,越南学者也认为骆越是越南京族的先民。在越南北部聚居的岱族、侬族有数百万人口,越南学者在论述岱族时说“岱族人与广西的壮人在语言和风俗习惯上更相近,岱人和广西壮人在历史上有密切关系”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“现今在越南的岱人和侬人与广西的壮人仍然把侬智高看成是本民族的领袖。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">该书在论述侬族时说“侬人的根在广东、广西、贵州、云南各省”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“据初步了解,在谅山、高平、老街的一些地方,侬人移居到越南约七八代人至四五代人之间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年左右</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。太平天国运动失败后,有相当多的侬人逃到越南躲避清朝封建者的迫害,有的人家移居越南才三四代人。有许多还有亲属、亲戚在中国。侬人分为很多支,仍然带有中国故乡的名字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如万承侬,故乡在广西的万承州</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">州侬,故乡在龙州</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">崇善侬,故乡在祟善</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">英侬,故乡在龙英</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雷侬,故乡在下雷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">归侬,故乡在归顺”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">越南史学家陶维英说“在从高平至芒街的越中边界两侧地方,虽已划入两国版图,但那里的居民都是少数民族—最重要的是岱人和侬人〔以前为壮人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">总之,他们对岱人、侬人与广西壮人的渊源关系是明确的、一致的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但是,<font color="#ff0033" size="4">越南学者在壮族与泰族研究方面,仍有受西方学者影响的,往往也把壮族与泰族混为一谈,陶维英还说</font></span><font size="4"><font color="#ff0033"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“在大越和中国两国辽阔边界中的一个地段一一广源地区周围散布着泰族的一个支系部落,俗称侬人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中国方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和土人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">越南方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">越南民族学家吕文芦说“广义的泰是指泰大种族,包括所有讲泰语的各族,如在广西、广东、云南的壮人,在贵州的布侬人,在海南的黎人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></font></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font color="#ff0033" size="4">。泰国泰人,老挝人,在缅甸的掸人,在越南的岱人、侬人、泰人、热侬人、摆侬人、土佬人等等。</font>狭义的泰,在越南范围内就是西北的泰人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”越南民族学家邓严万把泰族分为东西两支,壮族属东支,他说“根据现今的情况可以分为两支</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">东支,包括居住在中国南方的两广、贵州、湖南各省,越南北方和东北的各个集团。在中国南方包括壮、布依、侗、黎各集团,在越南包括岱、侬、热依、高栏—山子等集团</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西支,包括居住在中国云南省、越南西北地区和清义省山区的泰,在老挝、泰国、缅甸联邦和印度阿萨姆地区的各个集团”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">陶维英、吕文芦、邓严万的以上观点与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代美国传教士杜德著的《泰族》、日本学者绫部恒雄著的《泰族的社会与文化》观点完全一致。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、国内研究壮族的学术机构、社团纷纷建立,从事壮族研究人员日益增多,逐渐成长,壮族研究的国际学术交流日益开展</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年中国社会科学院民族研究所在北京成立以后,广西有关壮族研究机构亦先后建立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1955</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">后改为自治区</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">博物馆首先成立,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年来,在古人类、石器文化、青铜文化、陶器文化、古墓葬等方面,发掘出土了大量珍贵文物对研究壮族渊源、古代社会历史发展、汉壮文化关系等,做出了巨大的贡献。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1956</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年成立的广西少数民族社会历史调查组的基础上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年建立了广西民族研究所,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年来,撰写了大量有关壮族社会历史研究的著作和论文,取得了丰硕的成果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年广西区语委壮文研究室成立,把壮族语文研究推进到了一个新的高度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1984</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西民族学院在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代建立的民族问题研究室的基础上成立了民族研究所,其中还特地建立了壮族研究室,把壮族研究摆在重要的地位上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">随着各高等院校中文系科的发展和增加,结合教学的需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,1978</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西民族学院和广西师范学院中文系先后建立了民族民间文学教研室,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西师范学院将教研室改成民族民间文学研究所,增加了科研力量,出版了壮族和其他民族民间文学丛书。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1979</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西艺术学院民族艺术研究室恢复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1984</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,在广西师范大学地方及民族史研究所成立的同时,广西民族学院民族语言文学研究所、民族古籍整理研究所,广西区党校民族理论政策教研室,广西区艺术研究所亦相继建立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1991</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西社会科学院壮学研究中心成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1992</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西大学民族研究所建立。至今,壮族研究已由原来的一个研究所扩展到高等院校。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">党的十一届三中全会以来,广西各地的民族研究学术团体也相继成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西民族研究学会成立,内分民族史、民族学、民族理论政策、民族语言等四个理事会。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1984</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西民族民俗学会、广西师范大学地方史民族史研究会先后成立,后者引导学生把</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">课堂知识和研究实践结合起来,取得良好的效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西少数民族语言文字学会成立的同时,广西民族学院民族学会和广西少数民族文学学会也先后建立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1988</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,柳州地区、柳州市、河池地区、百色地区、南宁地区民族研究会相继成立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;1986</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年广西民俗学会、广西民族经济研究会成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1991</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,广西壮学研究会成立。参加学会的成员,有民族研究机构的专业研究人员,也有大专院校的教授专家和学生,还有党政机关的领导干部和民族工作者,各种学会会员总人数达千余人,大多数人员研究的课题都与壮族有关。研究人员的业务和政治素质不断提高,获得高中级职称的已达百余人,新的年轻一代民族研究工作者正在成长,可以预料,在不久的将来壮族研究将更加深入发展,取得更加光辉的成就</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族与东南亚各国的壮侗语诸民族有着密切的关系。因而受到有关国家学者的重视。早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1975</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,越南的民族识别调查代表团和古文字考察代表团先后访问我国,与广西有关壮族研究的学者、专家进行了学术交流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">随着我国改革开放的深入发展,外国学者来华访问考察,开展学术交流活动日益频繁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代有美籍华人丁乃通教授访问广西,进行了“壮族灰姑娘”故事的交流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日本白鸟芳郎和君岛九子教授到广西进行民族文化考察</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">泰中友协教育委员会巴博?威猜团长率领</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人的代表团访问广西,了解壮族社会历史、经济文化、语言、风俗习惯等情况</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">新西兰《南华早报》专题记者访问广西,在该报上发表了有关壮族社会历史和现状的长篇报道,向世界各国人民介绍了壮族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">墨西哥总统顾问迪纳斯先生和总统特遣代表达维小姐先后访问广西,了解广西民族情况和民族区域自治情况</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">老挝学者乌拉万,泰国作家代表团,泰国孔敬大学副校长施立猜,泰国朱拉隆功大学巴妮博士等人及泰国艺术大学巴色、马哈教授等先后访问广西,进行民族考察、学术交流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>90</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代以来,国外研究壮侗语诸民族的学者专家到广西来考察了解壮族者更加频繁。泰国艺术大学副校长威叻?讪差逢猜先生率领代表团访问广西,与广西民族研究所签订了“壮泰传统文化比较研究”合同议定书</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日本东洋文化大学谷口房男教授访问广西,就壮族土司制度问题进行交流研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">泰国艺术大学副校长玛妮萍?威格兰率领代表团考察广西壮族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日本学习院大学诹访春雄教授到广西东兰考察研究壮族蚂拐节活动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日本东京经济大学的松本光太郎,口本大阪国立民族学博物馆的琢田诚之多次来广西考察、研究壮族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">越南社会科学院民族学研究所所长闭曰等教授和范光欢访问广西,就广西壮族研究和越南岱、侬族研究互通情况</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">泰国艺术大学董事长荃波先生率领代表团访间广西就“壮泰传统文化比较研究”交换情况</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">同时,广西有关大专院校和研究机构亦先后组织壮泰族研究人员出国访问考察。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代中期以来,先后有广西民族学院教授到泰国朱拉隆功大学和清迈山民研究院进行考察访问。广西民族研究学会顾问张声震率领广西民族文化代表团访问考察泰国,并与孔敬大学的专家教授就壮泰民族社会历史、语言文化等方面开展了学术交流活动。广西民族研究学会顾问余达佳率领代表团访问考察泰国,并与泰国艺术大学正式签订了为期四年的“壮泰传统文化比较研究”议定书。广西民族研究学会顾问梁彬率代表团访问考察泰国,并就“壮泰传统文化比较研究”进行情况交换了意见。广西民族研究所所长覃乃昌率领代表团访问考察泰国,并与泰国艺术大学的专家教授就壮泰研究心得开展了学术交流。此外,有些学者还参加了中国西南民族研究学会学术代表团和民族语文学术代表团,到日本、美国、加拿大等国家进行学术考察访问,有些还参加了有关学科的国际学术会议。总之,现在可以说,壮族研究已越来越为外国学者所关注,壮族研究真正地走向了世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2011-1-9 12:59:00编辑过]

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:25:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族历史研究诸问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、关于族源问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">原来存在三种不同的观点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一是壮族外来说;二是壮族土著说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三是壮族是外来民族与土著混合而成说。经过长期深入探讨、开展有益的争论,随着历史文献资料的发掘日益增加,考古资料发现日益丰富,研究方法上科学性日益提高,多学科综合研究方法的运用,持土著说的佐证愈来愈多,论据愈来愈充实</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">持外来说的学者有的自已改变了原来的观点,如刘介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刘锡蕃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">即如是,上文已述及他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代发表的三篇论文,改变了在《岭表纪蛮》中壮族西来说的观点,刘氏从考古、历史文献资料论证,壮族是两广的原始居民。至今可以说在学术界,持壮族是土著民族,是从百越族群中的西瓯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">骆越人发展而来,这个认识已趋一致。但在日常生活中,我们仍然可以随处遇到“壮族外来说”的说法。原因是人们过于轻信土司族谱。壮人的族谱,多系从土官的族谱影响而来,而土官的族谱就其渊源始祖是外来汉族而言,多属误传。因其流传已久,且为明清以来历史文献承认与附证,后人不加稽考,以讹传讹,形成真伪难辨,以假当真的态势</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所以,要进一步澄清“壮族外来说“,看来还必须从史学的角度对壮族的族谱尤其是土官的族谱加以科学的考证,以求去伪存真,恢复本来面目。这个工作,过去已经有许多学者做过并有研究成果。如徐松石在《泰族僮族粤族考》第十二章“壮人的姓氏”中,推测壮族韦姓起源于牧牛业群体。罗尤在《壮族姓氏试探》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1986</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年《广西民族学院学报》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中,推测壮族韦姓起源于石祖崇拜,即男性崇拜。龚永辉撰《壮族韦姓“汉裔”考》一文对韦姓是韩信的后裔作了深入的考证,指出无论是“托孤之说”或“三公改姓”,多属附会是不可信的。粟冠昌教授在《广西土官民族成分初探》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、《广西土官民族成分再探》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1981</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">两篇论文中,通过严谨的考证,指出了壮族土官族谱在族源上普遍不真实,多属附会。他着重考证了曾被认为是土官族谱中最为“完整”的岑氏族谱,然后旁及其他。他认为岑氏族谱所谓始祖“随狄青来”的说法纯属后人附会误传,其他各家土官的族谱也有类似的情况。他认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从唐、宋、元、明、清历代广西各个土官家族势力的殖变情况进行考察,也可以证明所谓广西土官是“随狄青来”的说法是不可信的,同时也可证明广西土官绝大部分都是广西壮族的上层分子,土官即土酋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年来曾经开展过多次讨论持不同观点的学者各自发表了一些专门论著,但分歧仍比较大,主要是持不经过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也叫飞跃论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与主张经过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也叫循序论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">两种观点。主张“飞跃论”的以黄现藩教授为代表。他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1949</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年《广西师范学院学报》第二期上发表了《我国民族历史没有奴隶社会》一文其中提到壮族没有经过奴隶社会的观点,后在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1991</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年出版的《壮族通史》第四章第四节《秦汉时代壮族社会性质》中更有所发挥。其所持的主要理由是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">秦始皇统一岭南后,设郡县,派官吏,“以谪徙民五十万戍五岭,与越杂处”,“他们带来了汉族地区先进的经济文化和生产技术,从而逐步改变壮族地区的落后面貌,大大促进社会生产力的发展。……中原来的文化,对自然条件优越的广西东北、东南壮族先民农业手工业的发展影响更大,使处在原始社会末期的氏族社会进一步瓦解,在农村公社的废墟上建立起封建领主制度……”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">根据恩格斯“历史常常是跳跃式地和曲折地前进的”,和列宁的“世界历史发展的规律,不仅丝毫不排斥个别发展阶段在发展形式或顺序上表现出特殊性,反而是以此为前提的”,以及马克思在《资木主义生产以前各形态》中所说的“奴隶制和农奴制只是这种建立在部落制上的财产的继续和发展”等论述,并引证了解放前我国五十个民族都没有出现资本主义萌芽而是处在前资本主义社会发展形态中,解放后直接进入社会主义社会为例子,而得出了“跨越发展不仅在理论上说得通</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">......</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而且实际上也有例证”的结论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">主张经过奴隶制发展阶段的学者也先后发表了许多论文。如石钟健</span><chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="27" month="11" year="1961" wst="on"></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1961</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span><chsdate></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在《广西日报》发表《略谈僮族古代的奴隶制社会阶段》一文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">江应梁</span><chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="25" month="7" year="1962" wst="on"></chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span><chsdate></chsdate><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在《广西日报》发表了《对僮族奴隶社会的看法》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">粟冠昌《僮族古代社会性质问题的商榷》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">载《广西民族研究参考资料》第一辑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">王天奖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年在《民族团结》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(2-3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">发表了《古代僮族社会性质试探》一文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">李干芬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1982</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年在《广西民族研究参考资料》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一辑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">上发表了《壮族社会的奴隶制问题探讨》一文;周宗贤撰《壮族古代奴隶制探索》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;1981</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年广西人民出版社出版的《壮族简史》以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年李炳东、戈德华编著的《广西农业经济史稿》等论著,都主张壮族古代社会经过奴隶制发展阶段。本书主编赞同这个观点,主要理由是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">〔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">按照马列主义关于人类社会发展的普遍规律,原始社会解体以后,一般进入最初的阶级社会一即奴隶社会。岭南壮族先民在春秋战国末期的社会状态,正由原始社会开始解体,过渡到阶级社会的时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">便有了“君”、“王”、“侯”、“将”等统治者和“民”被统治者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">汉初赵佗建立的“南越王国”,赵佗自称“蛮夷大长”,延续了近百年,这个政权性质实际上是汉人与越人联合建立的奴隶制政权。还有大约汉初西南建立的句町国、卧漏国、夜郎国等等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也属奴隶制政权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族地区发现了大量的考古资料可以证明,战国末年,壮族先民社会经济出现了畜牧业和农业,农业与手工业两次大分工。按照恩格斯说的,第一次社会大分工即产生第一次社会大裂变,分裂成主人和奴隶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一剥削者和被剥削者;接着第二次大分工酋长和氏族长成了奴隶主贵族,奴隶制已成为社会本质的东西。正由于有了分工,才可能创造出精致的青铜文化。壮区出土的这个时期的青铜器中,不仅有生活用器,而且有生产工具、兵器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大量史籍记载,说明壮族地区有奴隶占有、奴隶掠夺、买卖奴隶的存在。如《隋书?食货志》说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“岭外酋帅,因生口、翡翠??????之饶,雄于乡曲者。”这里的“生口”二字,即奴隶;《隋书?谯国夫人传》说冯氏“世为南越首领,跨据山洞,部落十余万家。”《新唐书?冯盎传》说“地方二千里,奴婢万余人,珍宝充积”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“牧伯唯我一姓,子女玉帛吾有也。人生富贵,如我希夷。”这里“奴婢万余人”实即奴隶。他把奴隶作为自己的财产,正是奴隶占有制的特征。还有韩愈《孔巢父墓志铭》说“岭南(窝)口为货,其荒阻处,父子世传为奴”等等,当时存在掠夺奴隶和买卖奴隶的现象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从壮语和风俗习惯中也可旁证。壮语中有“愧”或“灰”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">即奴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一词</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这些都是奴隶制留下来的历史痕迹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于生产不发达,壮族的奴隶制还没有发展到马克思所说的“以生产剩余价值为目的的奴隶制度”,而是停留在家长奴隶制阶段中,在壮族古代奴隶制中,奴隶主虽然占有奴隶的一切,但奴隶仍然作为奴隶主的家庭成员而存在,奴隶主称奴隶为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">子女</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或“男女”、“家奴”、“家丁”等他们既从事家务劳动,也从事田间劳动,还要保卫奴隶主的安全,有浓厚的家长奴隶制特色,而且在这种不发达的家长奴隶制中,还保留和残存着较多的原始社会残余,诸如“峒长”和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">寨老”制度的存在,农村公社的残存,原始婚姻家庭形态残余,氏族公墓和某些集体劳动形式等等。这就是壮族奴隶社会的特点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也就是马克思所指出的古代东方的奴隶制发展类型。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、关于侬智高的国籍、民族成分以及起兵性质问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这是多年来壮族研究中争论较多、分歧较大的一个问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年在壮族“简史”、“简志”编写过程中,广西区民委、民族调查组曾先后两次在南宁召开侬智高起兵性质评价研讨会。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年全国民族历史研究工作指导委员会在北京召开广西壮、瑶族社会历史专题讨论会,侬智高的评价是其中的一个讨论专题,自此之后,研究讨论仍然断断续续,以至今天</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">综观</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多年来对侬智高的评价,主要存在“否定论”与“肯定论”两种意见。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">持“否定论”的代表论著有王克荣等在《广西日报》发表的《略论侬智高起兵的性质》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font><chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="31" month="7" year="1961" wst="on"></chsdate><font face="Times New Roman">1961</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">7</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span><font face="Times New Roman">31</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span><chsdate></chsdate><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;黄国安在印支研究论文集中发表的《也论侬智高起兵性质》认为侬智高统治时的广源州,尚处于落后的奴隶制阶段,进军过程中烧杀抢掠、“驱稚虏艾”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">掠夺奴隶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、野蛮落后,他要“据湘衡以自王”,“搞分裂割据,是对历史的一个反动”等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">持“肯定论”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">包括基本肯定论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的专论较多。如黄现藩《侬智高起兵反宋是正义的战争》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《广西日报》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和《侬智高》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1983</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年广西人民出版社出版</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">专著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">陈维刚等《侬智高起兵性质问题的探讨》(《广西日报》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">31 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> )</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;赵封帝《赵宋封建王朝与广大壮族人民的关系——评价侬智高起兵反宋的一个重要问题》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《广西日报》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;韩肇明《略论侬智高起兵的几个问题》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《中央民族学院学报》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1979</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">粟冠昌《试论侬智高的国籍和他一生的活动》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《广西师范学院学报》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">范宏贵《侬智高的国籍和民族成分问题》(《西南民族历史研究集刊》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等等。其中以韩肇明论的几个问题和黄现藩著《侬智高》一书,作了比较全面系统地论述。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">综合上述“肯定论”的主要论点有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">侬智高是广西壮族人,其父侬全福初作傥犹州知州,在今扶绥县地,其母阿侬“本左江武勒族也”,武勒今属扶绥地。其民族成分肯定是广西壮族。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">广源州在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1052</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年侬智高起兵前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多年的唐宋两代,一直是邕管羁糜州,至侬智高起兵失败</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多年间,仍然属于宋朝版图。直至宋神宗元丰四年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1081</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,交趾独立建国后不久,宋王朝才明文“割邕管羁糜之广源州以赐之??????。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">侬智高起兵反宋是正义性质。他在既受交趾杀父质身、夺地掠财之害又受宋朝“三解不第”、屡求“内附”不许的情况下,被迫起兵的。他建国称号,“据衡湘以王”,冲破唐宋以来壮区羁糜州、县、峒“互不相统属”的局面从而有利于民族统一,有利于民族经济、文化发展的进步意义,而就其统一的规模和性质估量,最多不过与当时的大理国一样,属于一种少数民族地方性政权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这个问题经过长时间的研讨,以肯定论的观点基本趋于一致。<font color="#f70909" size="5"><strong>本书主编者从当时中国的历史实际和壮族社会经济状况出发,持“肯定论”的看法。至于侬智高起兵过程中,由于时代的种种局限而出现的一些问题,是次要的、从属性的问题,不致影响其起兵的性质</strong>。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四、关于古壮字问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这也是多年来有争论的问题。古来社会上多以为壮族有言无文,其实不然,宋人范成大著《桂海虞衡志》,周去非著《岭外代答》,都承认壮族有“土俗字”,“广西俗字甚多,如(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">,上不下長)音矮,不长也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">......</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”共举了十多个字为例。但不论官方或私人论著,都说这种“土俗字”只不过是汉字壮读而已,不能算作一种民族文字。这个说法难以令人信服。文字是记录语言的符号。根据</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1989</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年广西少数民族古籍整理出版领导小组办公室出版的《古壮字字典》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">初稿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,共收集了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10700</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多个字,其中定为正体字的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4918</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个。这些字都是在上百年或数百年前手抄的师公唱本、山歌本、故事传说、族谱、信件和碑文中收集下来的。这也说明这种方块壮字古时就在壮区民间流行着。宋人范成大著《桂海虞衡志》记载也说“边远俗陋、牒诉券约,专用土俗字,桂林诸邑皆然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,确凿地证明了土俗字早在宋代在壮区就流行了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">至于说土俗字是汉字壮读的说法,是出于对土俗字没有深入细致研究的误说,土俗字的造字结构,固是仿汉字的形、音、义而来,受方块汉字的影响是无疑的,但是应该确认它们终究不是汉字,因为无论就形、音、义来说,它们都是独立的壮字,并非汉字,当然它们当中确有一些借用了汉字,但较之日文中的汉字比例就少得多了。难道我们能因日文中有很大比例的借用汉字就说它不是一种独立的民族文字吗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">?</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">至于方块壮字过去没有进行规范,是由于壮族社会发育过程中遇到种种外来因素的制约,更重要的是历代统治阶级的民族压迫政策所致<font color="#f70909" size="5">。《古壮字字典》</font></span><font color="#f70909"><font size="5"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">初稿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的出版,便是对古壮字的规范,这是壮族古文字研究的光辉成果,它雄辩地证明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">古老的壮族,不仅有自己独特的语言,也有与自己语言相一致的文字。近年来,经广西科学院计算中心和自治区民族古籍办的共同努力,古壮字电脑处理系统已取得成功,经国家技术鉴定通过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这一成就,将为壮族文化遗产的整理出版创造更为广阔的前景。</span></font></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2011-1-9 13:03:42编辑过]

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:26:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族史与广西地方史的区别与联系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">编写壮族史遇到与广西地方史的区别与联系这个问题。对这个问题,必须在编撰开始时在指导思想上有明确的认识和科学的态度。否则,就可能产生把壮族史与广西地方史混同起来的后果。本书编者认为壮族史与广西地方史的根本区别在于顾名思义,壮族史的研究对象是壮族产生、形成和发展的历史,而广西地方史的研究对象是广西地方的发展史也包括民族史在内,但研究的对象不同,论述民族的角度不同因此,决定了各自研究性质的不同在范畴与内涵方面起码有如下区别:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">编撰壮族史理所当然地要研究壮民族的源流,这自然要追溯至远古时代,并探寻其在各个历史时期的演变。因此其涵盖的范围就比较宽广,就不能只限于广西地域的界限了;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族主要居住在广西,但毗邻的省份也有分布,编写广西地方史就不能超出广西行政区划的范围,只有壮族史才能担当这一使命。编撰壮族史必须遵循马克思恩格斯发现的人类社会发展的普遍规律即四个发展阶段去研究,并力求在壮族发展史上起码能够大体区分人类发展普遍规律的四个阶段及其在各个阶段的主要特征。至于编撰广西地方史则可不必这样做了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三)壮族史涵盖的内容,除了民族源流外还需包含本民族在历史发展长河中各个时期政治、经济、文化的兴衰。这必然要与历代中央王朝的统治政策及其民族关系息息相关。本书就是按此思路进行探索编撰的。至于编撰广西地方史,则可不必对一个民族做如是全面系统的研究;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在历史分期上,编写广西地方史可以参考一般地方史以历代中央王朝纪年为期,如商周时代、秦汉时代等等。而本书的历史分期则排除以上的方法,除必须遵循上述第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">点外,还必须遵循按历代中央王朝在民族政策上的共同特征去分期的原则。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于壮族是土著民族,世居岭南,聚居广西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">她的先民是岭南最早的开拓者,秦始皇统一岭南以来壮族纳入统一国家后仍然聚居故地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因此,其民族的发展史,自然与广西地方发展史有密切关系。值得注意的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">历代的古籍对民族问题无专门系统记载,对民族历史人物、事件及各种经济文化、人口等等统计数字都是以行政区划为单位记载下来的。因此,编撰壮族史,在引用史料时应注意分析,极力避免自觉或不自觉地以地方史料去套证民族发展史,以致产生名是民族史,实是地方史的后果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:26:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">本书对壮族历史发展阶段的划分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">各种版本的中国通史,在历史分期方面都遵循人类社会发展的普遍规律循序划分为原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会,并以此为主线贯通历代各个中央王朝。中国通史基本上是反映夏族——汉族的发展史,壮族通史则是反映壮族的发展史,考虑到壮族社会历史发展进程和夏族——汉族相比虽有一定共性,但仍有很大差异,因此在历史分期上,可以参考但不能照抄中国通史。共性何在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">?</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">编者认为,壮族也是一个历史悠久的古老民族在其社会发展长河中,人类社会发展普遍经历过的四个阶段,她也都经历过了,这就是壮、汉民族发展史上的共同性。据此,在历史分期上,本书竭力克服史料缺乏的困难</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">遵循四个阶段论来编撰壮族通史。差异何在了?编者认为,夏族——汉族在中华民族中以其人口之众多、历史之悠久、文化之先进、力量之强大占绝对优势地位,她从夏朝以后建立了数十代中央王朝。壮族则不然,她除了先秦远古时代是独自地发展外,秦统一岭南后,她一直是在统一国家的中央王朝统治下生活繁衍的。<span style="COLOR: red;">她与蒙古族、满族曾一度入主中原成为统治民族亦不同,她从未成为统治民族,而一直是被统治、被压迫、被强制同化,同化到甚至连民族称谓、民族成分也将要被湮灭了的民族。</span>这就是民族发展史上壮族与汉族最大的差异。壮族既然是一个长期被统治、被压迫的民族,那么壮族社会发展过程中的兴衰起落与历代中央王朝的统治自然有密切的关系。因此,从研究历代中央王朝对边疆少数民族的统治政策上,找出各个阶段的共同特征以确定历史分期,可能是比较科学的方法。编者认为还在先秦远古时代,壮族的先民是处在独自发展时代,其社会结构是原始氏族部落社会或由原始社会向阶级社会过渡。自秦统一岭南、形成统一多民族国家以后,历代中央王朝对壮族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含先民</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">地区实行的政策,尽管各个朝代有千差万别,但仍然可以发现各个阶段的共同性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大约可分为郡县划一时代——奴隶制形成与发展时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">秦至隋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">羁縻制度时代——奴隶制发展时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">唐至五代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">土司制度时代——封建领主制时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">宋至清初</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">资本主义列强入侵和国民党桂系统治的半封建半殖民地社会时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">清中叶至民国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">);</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">民族区域自治时代—社会主义时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">建国至自治区成立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:26:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">教育与壮族发展史的关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">已出版的各家中国通史对教育都无专门章节设置,大都只是将之与思想、文化科学等综合叙述。本书则不然,基本上各篇都设有专门叙述教育的章节。本书之所以特别重视教育问题是因为它与壮族的社会发展、壮汉民族的关系、民族同化与融合有极为密切的关系。本书述及的教育内容有两方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一为社会教育亦即壮族先民民间对民族生产、生活、习俗、历史的传统教育,母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">父</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">教子、子教孙,代代相传。壮族传统文化的传承,是壮族赖以至今仍保持其特征的原因,也是在历史长河中有相当部分先民与汉族融合后在其后裔的语言、习俗、生产、生活中仍保持某些越系因素的原因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二为学校教育即官学、书院、社学、义学、私塾等,其内容在封建王朝时代主要是儒学的传播。儒学是中原华夏文化,汉朝以后外人称为汉学,是我国封建制度的文化思想形态,她是伴随着秦汉封建郡县的设置与统治而来的。儒学在岭南越人社会传播经历了漫长的过程,较先进的地方大约始于西汉末东汉初年,而荒僻的地方如迁隆土司〔现属广西宁明县</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">于清光绪二十二年才建立有迁善书院,较之苍梧落后了大约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1800</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年。但如以苍梧比之中原春秋时孔子已教化三千子弟,也是落后五百年左右的。儒学的传播是封建化的重要组成部分。所谓封建化,对于壮族先民而言,就是把原来的奴隶制或者部分地方仍保留着的原始公社制社会发展变革为封建制社会。当然,在这个巨大变革中,生产力的发展、经济基础所有制的变革是前提,是最基本的条件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而文化教育、意识形态是上层建筑的重要方面,是为经济基础服务的。随着儒学传播的扩大深入,天、地、君、亲、师三纲五常的封建思想逐渐居统治地位,从而取代了“布洛陀”原始宗教信仰及奴隶主的巫文化,它就适应经济基础的变革了。这是就社会变革的范畴而言。再就儒学与民族关系而言,则又另有更深刻广阔的内容与意义。儒学为春秋时代孔子首创,传至汉代大兴,汉武帝“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”以后,儒学便成为汉族的正统思想。随着儒学在岭南的传播,许多壮族先民接受了汉文化,读汉书,识汉字,使汉文,用汉姓,讲汉话,与汉人通婚,以儒学的封建伦理道德规范自己的言行,耳濡目染,天长日久,渐渐就改变了自己的习俗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">终于与汉族融合了。马克思主义认为,民族融合是历史的必然,历史上的民族融合有两种现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">强制融合与自然融合。强制融合出于统治阶级的民族压迫,自然融合才是历史的必然。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">正由于儒学传播是封建化的重要组成部分,亦是封建化的重要标志。因此,她在封建化的发展进程中,一般是与生产力的发展、所有制的变革同步的。人们可以从桂东壮族地区的封建化得到大体的证明。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">至于儒学的传播与壮族先民和汉族的融合是否也同步呢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">?</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">那情况就不一样了。人们可以从桂东和桂中、桂西南的壮族社会看到两种不同的情况。在桂东,随着儒学的传播,南来汉人的增多,社会制度的封建化,许多壮族先民由不编户到编户,由“僚户”、“生僮”到如“熟僮”变成“民”,逐渐与汉族融合了。但在桂中及桂西南则不一样,随着儒学的传播生产力缓慢地发展,社会制度也缓慢地封建化了,但壮人的民族特征仍保持着。可见封建化与汉化、民族融合两者不是等同的、同一的,尽管有其内在的密切联系。其差别的原因,当与地方偏僻,交通闭塞,南来汉人较少,儒学的传播迟晚且普及的程度有限等有密切联系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">正由于教育特别是儒学教育的传播与壮族先民的社会发展以及与汉民族的融合有如此密切关系,所以本书特别设置专门章节予以叙述。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:27:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一编</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族渊源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">瓯骆故地的旧石器时代人类及其文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">广西自第四纪以来,气候温暖、雨水充沛、森林茂密,动物繁多,各种自然资源非常丰富,是原始人类理想的生活区域,人类很早就在这里生息、劳动、繁衍,留下了丰富的文化遗存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但是,广西地区的考古工作开展得比较晚。直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1935</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,考古学家裴文中、杨钟健和德日进等几位教授才第一次涉足广西,寻找远古人类的遗迹。但此行没有重大发现,仅在桂林、武鸣县的几个山洞里发现了一些石器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">广西地区的考古工作,是在新中国成立后才真正开展起来。据统计,在瓯骆故地发现的旧石器时代的人类化石已有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">17</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">处,为探讨广西史前居民的种族类型和体质特征以及为当今广西诸民族“寻根”觅祖提供了重要依据。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">巨猿与人类起源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1935</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,荷兰古生物学家孔尼华在香港的中药铺里发现了属于灵长类的巨大的牙齿化石</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其尺寸超过最大的猩猩牙齿,是一个新属新种,因而命名为“步氏巨猿”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1945</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,德籍古人类学家魏敦瑞认为,巨猿应属于人的系统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">最早可能起源于印度,后来分为二支,一支向东南延伸,经泰国、马来西亚而到爪哇,演变成爪哇猿人以至现代人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另支向东北发展,经中国云南、广西、华中而到华北,演变成中国猿人以至现代人。由于巨猿是爪哇猿人和中国猿人的直接祖先,因此他建议称之为“巨人”。孔尼华同意魏敦瑞的意见,认为巨猿确是巨人,但在人类进化系统下是一个已经特化了的旁支,而不是人类的直接祖先。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于巨猿涉及人类的起源问题因而引起了人类学家们的重视,而孔尼华和魏敦瑞的意见是否正确,还需要更多的科学材料来论证,其中最急迫的问题首先是要弄清巨猿的产地和原生地层。在香港的中药铺中,与巨猿牙齿化石在一起的哺乳动物化石都是华南洞穴堆积中常见的种类,如猩猩、大熊猫、巨貘、熊、犀牛、剑齿象等。孔尼华根据这种情况,推测巨猿牙齿化石很可能产自华南的洞穴或裂隙堆积之中,地质时代约为中更新世。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1956</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年初,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所组成了广西工作队,由裴文中和贾兰坡教授率领到广西柳州、来宾、上林、武鸣、扶绥、崇左、大新等县市,调查了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多个山洞,终于在原生地层中第一次发现了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颗巨猿牙齿化石,具体地点在大新县榄圩区正隆乡那隆屯的牛睡山黑洞。裴文中和吴汝康教授对之进行了初步研究,认为巨猿属于猿的系统而不是人的系统,但为至今已发现的和人类最相近的猿类。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1956</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年冬,裴文中教授再次来到广西调查。柳城县社冲村的一个农民在楞寨山的一个高出地面约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">90</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米的山洞中挖“岩泥”作肥料时,发现了一个巨猿的下领骨化石。裴文中闻讯后即赴现场进行调查和发掘,这就是后来闻名中外的广西“巨猿洞”的发现经过。此后,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1936</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1960</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年陆续在巨猿洞进行了发掘共获得巨猿下领骨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具,牙齿化石</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1094</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">37</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颗连在下领骨上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,至少代表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">88</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个个体,其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雄性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">41</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,雌性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">47</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个。此外,还有大量的哺乳动物化石。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">吴汝康教授对这些巨猿化石进行了专门研究,于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年由科学出版社出版了其研究成果《巨猿下颇骨和牙齿化石》一书。在书中他把人猿超科分为猿科和人科</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人科又分为前人亚科和真人亚科。真人亚科一包括爪哇猿人、中国猿人、尼安德特人和智人等,已经能够制造工具,开始有社会组织,因而可称为“社会人”。前人亚科包括山猿、巨猿和南方古猿等,已能直立行走经营地面生活,能利用天然木棒或石块来获取食物或作攻击、防御之用,但还不会用石块制造工具,还未有社会组织,因而可称为“生物人”。在时间上,前人亚科的成员可能从中新世或更早的时期,直到早更新世为止,前后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多万年,后来,其中的若干分支都灭绝了,只有一部分发展成为真人。在这一发现谱系中,巨猿属于前人阶段末期的一个灭绝的旁支。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在广西继大新县和柳城县之后,武鸣县甘圩步拉利山和巴马县所略弄莫山在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代也发现了巨猿牙齿化石。这样,广西发现巨猿化石的地点有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">处,地点数和化石量均成为世界之冠。迄今全世界发现巨猿的地点共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,其中印度、越南各</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,我国湖北省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个其余</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个则全在广西。广西既然发现数量如此众多的前人阶段的巨猿,那么真人阶段的猿人、智人相应也应该在这里有所发现。特别是在广西的西邻云南省发现了元谋猿人,南邻越南发现了谅山猿人,东邻广东省也发现了早期智人马坝人,广西不应该是空白地区。这种逻辑推理的力量鼓舞着人类学家们不辞艰辛,跋涉于广西的山山水水之间。尽管直至今日,他们仍未在广西找到猿人的化石,但他们的信心仍丝毫未减。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 13:28:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第二节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">旧石器时代的人类化石</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1956</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年以来,广西地区先后发现了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">处旧石器时代人类化石,云南省文山州也发现了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">处。这些人类化石,除少数为头骨和其他骨胳外,其余都是只发现牙齿。它们均发现于石灰岩洞穴中。从化石本身的特征和洞穴堆积及共生动物群等情况看皆为晚更新世的晚期智人。下面按发现的时间顺序分别介绍:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、麒麟山人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1956</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于来宾县桥巩圩附近的麒麟山盖头洞的表层石笋之下。人类化石仅有颅底部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">包括大部分上颌骨和腭骨、右侧的颧骨、大部分枕骨,但三者不相连。上颌骨保留有右侧的三颗齿和第一前臼齿,左侧的第一臼齿和两个前臼齿。臼齿齿冠大部分已磨耗,前臼齿也已磨蚀到齿颈部分。据研究,这些人类化石同属一个老年男性个体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与人类化石共存的动物化石有鹿、猪、田螺和乌蛳等多是现生种。综合分析的结果,麒麟山人的地质时代应为更新世晚期,考古时代为旧石器晚期,在人类进化上属晚期智人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、柳江人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1958</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于柳江县新兴农场通天岩旁的一个洞穴中。人类化石包括一个完整的头骨(缺下领骨)、最下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个胸椎、全部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个腰椎、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">段肋骨、骶骨、右髋骨及左右股骨各一段。化石的石化程度中等,骨骼多呈灰白色,仅股骨颜色呈灰色并杂有褐色斑块。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">柳江人的骨骼化石曾经中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所测量,测量的项目和结果详见本篇第三章第一节。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与柳江人化石伴出的哺乳动物化石有大熊猫、中国犀、东方剑齿象,巨貘、豪猪、猕猴、猩猩、獾、猪、熊、水獭、豺、牛类、鹿类等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种均是典型的大熊猫——剑齿象动物群的常见成员。其中东方剑齿象、中国犀、巨貘为绝灭种,而大熊猫的骨骼比早更新世的小种熊猫粗大,也比现生种熊猫略大。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从柳江人的体质特征及共生动物群判断,柳江人所处的地质时代是晚更新世,它比山顶洞人和资阳人早,是我国乃至东亚地区发现的最早的晚期智人,代表了蒙古人种的一种早期类型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">见图二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、灵山人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1960</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于灵山县城郊马鞍山的东胜岩、葡地岩和石背山的洪窑洞等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个洞穴内。在东胜岩发现一块颞骨的鼓室部,两枚牙齿〔上门齿及上臼齿各一枚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">及一段右侧股骨上段,约相当于全长的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1/3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,石化程度不深。两枚牙齿有磨损,门齿舌面呈铲形。从保留的部分股骨头和股骨体观察,与现代人基本相同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">葡地岩发现的人类骨骼,甚为破碎,可辨别出部位的有二三小块顶骨、额骨的眶上缘及一块额骨的眉间部分。另外还有一块额骨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">额结节之间的正中部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,其内面可见额骨脊的末端。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">洪窑洞的人类骨骼有一块顶骨、一小块髋骨、半块髌骨及一枚上臼齿、两枚门齿。牙齿磨耗相当严重,应是一个老年个体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以土人类化石至少属于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个个体。各洞中堆积及其动物化石也大体相同,有熊、中国犀牛、野猪、鹿、牛、貘等,都是第四纪晚期的种属。由此推断,灵山人的地质年代可能属于晚更新世晚期</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四、荔浦人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1961</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于荔浦县两江乡苏村水岩东洞的黄色堆积层中。仅有一枚人牙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">为左下第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">前臼齿,齿冠的咬合面在远中部分略受磨蚀。由此估计,可能属</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12-15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁的小孩个体。这枚人类化石牙齿与现代人的下第二前臼齿非常相似,但比现代人的粗大,具有一定的原始性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与人牙化石共存的动物化石有华南豪猪、大熊猫、野猪、鹿、牛等,其时代可能属更新世晚期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">五、干淹人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1972</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于都安瑶族自治县加贵乡加图村干淹岩洞。人类化石仅有两枚牙齿,为右侧上门齿和左下第一或第二臼齿。牙齿呈黄白色,均石化。齿尖顶已磨耗,唇面二尖尤甚,约属青年个体。二齿均不粗壮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">原始性质不明显。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">共存的哺乳类动物化石有豪猪、熊、大熊猫、沙獾、剑齿象、巨貘、中国犀、猪、鹿、牛类共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种。时代为更新世晚期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">六、都乐人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1975</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于柳州市郊都乐盘龙洞。人类化石包括一段股骨和一枚乳齿。股骨半石化,远端和近端破损。乳齿为上第二臼齿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">伴出的哺乳动物化石有豪猪、熊、狼、沙獾、马、鹿、牛类、猪,无古老的绝灭种,其时代约为更新世晚期口。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">七、九头山人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1975</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于柳州市东南约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里的九头山的一个溶洞中,仅有前臼齿化石一枚。伴出的动物化石有大熊猫、豪猪、狼、猪、羊、鹿、牛等,时代应为晚更新世。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">八、九楞山人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1977</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于都安瑶族自治县地苏乡东风村九楞山的一个洞穴中。人类化石有四枚牙齿,其中三枚恒齿,一枚乳齿。恒齿左上第一或第二臼齿、左上第三臼齿,右下第一或第二臼齿,均属中年个体。乳齿为右下第二臼齿,从其远中侧存在一接触面和磨损的情况看,属于一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7-8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁小孩个体。该乳齿表现了一定的原始特征,但在一般形态上则与现代人的同种牙齿没有区别。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与九楞山人伴出的动物化石有华南豪猪、灵猫、古爪哇豺、貉、鬣狗、中国黑熊、大熊猫巴氏亚种、似高冠剑齿象、亚洲象、巨貘、中国犀、短吻腭等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种。其中绝灭种类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,仅占全部种类的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">17.1%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。据此判断,它们生存的时代为晚更新世,应是晚期智人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">九、宝积岩人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1979</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于桂林市宝积山宝积岩的灰黄色堆积中,仅有两枚人牙,为右下第二臼齿和左下第三臼齿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与宝积岩人牙化石共出的哺乳动物化石有称猕猴、长臂猿、中国熊、巴氏大熊猫、最后斑鬣狗、竹鼠、巨貘、中国犀、野猪、剑齿象等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种。其中仅剑齿象、巨貘、中国犀、巴氏大熊猫、最后斑鬣狗为绝灭种类。由动物群的性质看,宝积岩人所处的地质时代为更新世晚期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十、老磨槽洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1979</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于隆林各族自治县德峨乡老磨槽洞。人类化石包括头骨、肋骨、椎骨和肢骨。头骨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含下额骨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">呈浅黄白色,石化程度中等。属晚期智人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十一、定模洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1979</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年间发现干田东县祥周模范村定模山宝模洞的褐黄色砂质粘土中。人类化石有三枚牙齿,为左上第二臼齿,左第一臼齿和右上第一或第二臼齿。从臼齿的磨损情况看,左上第二臼齿可能属于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁男性个体,左下第一臼齿可能属于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多岁的中年个体,右下第一或第二臼齿属于一个成年个体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与定模洞人类化石伴出的哺乳动物化石有大熊猫、东方剑齿象、巨貘、纳玛象、大猩猩、猩猩、中国犀、野猪、中国熊、虎、最后斑鬣狗等,均是大熊猫——剑齿象动物群的常见成员,其中绝灭种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个。据此推定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">定模洞人的时代为更新世晚期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十二、白莲洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1980</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于柳州市东南部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里都乐村的白面山南麓白莲洞的暗黄褐色的亚粘土中。人类化石仅有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚牙齿,为左下第三臼齿和右下第三臼齿,石化程度较深。左下第三臼齿,硕大粗壮,似属一男性个体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">右一下第三臼齿,体积较小,显得纤细,咬合面有一定程度的磨蚀,颊侧磨蚀程度较大,似属一青年女性个体。这两枚人牙在个别性状上表现出一定的原始性,如右</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">M3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">齿冠基部有齿带的痕迹等,但在更多的性状上与现代人牙无异。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与白莲洞人牙化石伴出的动物化石有猕猴、大熊猫、熊、中国犀、剑齿象等,其中中国犀、大熊猫、剑齿象等是绝灭种,由此判断,白莲洞人的时代约为晚更新世末期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十三、甘前洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1981</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于柳江县土博乡四案村甘前山的一个岩洞中。人类化石有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚牙齿,其中左上内侧门齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,左上第一臼齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,右上第一臼齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,右上第二臼齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,右上第三臼齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,右下第一曰齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,右下第二乳齿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚。至少分属</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个不同个体,老年、青年、幼年均有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与甘前洞人类化石共生的哺乳动物化石有华南豪猪、猩猩、猕猴、中国熊、大熊猫巴氏亚种、最后鬣狗、爪哇豺、虎、剑齿象、巨貘、中国犀等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,其时代应为晚更新世。故甘前洞人应为晚期智人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十四、甘怀岩人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1981</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于忻城县古蓬镇怀山甘怀岩,人类化石仅有一枚牙齿,为右上第二臼齿。与人牙化石伴出的动物化石有熊、猴、野猪、鹿、华南豪猪、竹鼠、剑齿象等,为常见的“大熊猫——剑齿象动物群”成员。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">综合甘怀岩人牙化石的性状、伴出动物群成分的分析以及人牙和动物化石上的堆积物的对比,甘怀岩人的时代估计是更新世晚期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十五、那来洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1984</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于隆林各族自治县祥播乡红岩山那来洞的黄色粘土中。人类化石仅有两枚牙齿,为左上第二臼齿和左下第二臼齿。这两枚人牙石化程度中等,磨耗程度大体相同,尺寸大小亦相当,可能是同属一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁左右的青年个体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与那来洞人共存的动物化石有猕猴、古爪哇豺、中国熊、巴氏大熊猫、虎、华南豪猪、中国犀、野猪、剑齿象等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,其中绝灭种类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">28.5%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,应属更新世晚期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十六、宾山下洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1985</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年于靖西县新靖镇宾山下洞的黄褐色砂质粘上层中发现,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚人牙化石,为右下第一前臼齿、第二乳臼齿、外侧门齿和右上第一自齿各一枚分别为幼年和青年个体。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与人牙化石伴出的动物化石有华南豪猪、猕猴、虎、大熊猫、亚洲象、巨貘、野猪等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,其时代应为更新世晚期,故宾山洞人为晚期智人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">十七、西畴人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1965</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1973</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现干云南省文山壮族苗族自治州西畴县畴阳河源头的仙人洞内,主要有人牙化石</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">枚,分属</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个以上个体。经古地磁法测定,距今</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">万年以上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">伴生的动物群成员有鼠、虎、象、马、鹿、牛、熊、野猪等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">32</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种,其中绝灭种有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种。由测定的年代及动物群体的性质看,西畴人为晚期智人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:08:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第四节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西津人及其文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西津人遗址位于广西横县南面约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里的郁江南岸西津水电站旁的丘坡上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">遗址面积长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年考古工作者在南宁地区进行文物普查时发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,1965</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年进行发掘。其文化堆积厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1-3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">内含密集的螺蚌壳、兽骨、灰烬及人骨架等,还发掘出一批石器、陶器、骨器、蚌器等新石器时代遗物。在已发掘的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">144</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方米范围里,共发现墓葬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多座,是壮族地区迄今发现的墓葬最多的一处新石器时代遗址。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西津人的墓地实行单人集体丛葬,墓葬分布密集,排列较有规律,葬式也较规范,即位于墓地中心的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号墓为侧身屈肢葬,环绕其四周者则多为屈肢蹲葬,但墓坑多不明显,亦未见有葬具遗迹,普遍有一三件石器、蚌器、骨器或石块等随葬品并且还出现一些特殊的葬法,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号墓的人骨四周,有用小砾石围成的整齐的长方形框</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号墓中除了人头骨旁放置一块大石头外,其手和脚上各横放一个猪的下领骨,有的墓底垫有一层白胶泥,或曾用火烧烤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">还有的人骨架上撒有赤铁矿粉。此外还发现一座母子合葬墓。所有这些,说明当时西津人的丧葬习俗已形成较为严格规范的制度,显然要比桂林甑皮岩人、柳州鲤鱼嘴人和扶绥敢造人的葬法进步,反映出西津人的祖先崇拜、灵魂不灭观念、氏族观念以及祈求祖先神灵庇护的功利意识更加强烈,更加明确。墓地里出现的母子合葬墓,说明当时的社会形态已处于母系氏族社会的繁荣时期。此外西津遗址的墓葬如此众多,似又超出了一个氏族成员人数及其正常死亡的范围,故其墓地性质有两种可能,一种是一个氏族世代在此定居,其死者不断地埋葬干其墓地中,天长日久,才形成范围如此之大、墓葬如此众多的墓地;另一种可能是其墓地并非是一个氏族的墓葬,而是两个以上的有亲缘关系的氏族大家族或部落的墓地。墓葬中出现的一些特殊的葬法,如用小砾石在尸体四周围成方框,人体上放置猪的下领骨或撒赤铁矿粉等等,可能是当时人们对于氏族中有过重要贡献或德高望重的死者的特殊葬法。西津人选择贝丘作为墓地并且流行屈肢蹲葬,表明他们与桂林甑皮岩人、扶绥敢造人属于同一种文化类型。可惜的是,西津人墓葬出土的人骨骼标本虽已采集,但还来不及进行鉴别和测量,就在‘文化大革命”中被当作“四旧”毁掉了,使许多科学研究与比较工作无法开展,造成了无可弥补的损失。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西津人使用的石器为打制、刃部磨光和通体磨光三类,器形有斧、凿、锛、矛、刀、网坠等,其中以斧类居多,并出现了大量的有肩石斧,但磨制石器上多留有打击片疤的痕迹,表明其磨制技术尚较原始粗糙。西津人制作的陶器均为手制的夹砂粗陶,胎壁厚重,火候偏低,器表多饰绳纹,也有的饰篮纹或划纹,反映出制陶方法的原始性,但当时人们已懂得在陶土里掺和石英砂及贝壳粉等耐火材料,使之作为炊煮器,受火烧烤时不易破裂。西津人还利用大蚌壳琢磨成各种形式的刀、匕、网坠等器物,并且还以动物的肢骨琢磨成锥、镞、笄、锛、鱼钩等器具,制作精致。但从其整个文化面貌来看,还具有诸多的原始性质,其年代可能与桂林甑皮岩上文化层相当,约为新石器时代早期的偏晚阶段或新石器时代中期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从遗址堆积中含有大量的螺壳、蚌壳、兽骨以及出土的石矛、网坠、鱼钩、骨镞等渔猎工具来看,当时西津人的经济生活应是以渔猎和采集经济为主。因为当时这一带的自然食物资源非常丰富,江河沼泽中有丰富易取的螺蚌和鱼类,山林里有众多的鸟兽类,猪、牛、羊、鹿、麂、狐、獾、箭猪、竹鼠、猴等动物是西津人日常猎取的对象,有时还捕获大象、虎、犀牛等大型凶猛的动物。但从发掘出来的石斧、石锛、石刀、蚌刀、石杵和磨盘等农业工具和谷物加工工具来看,当时很可能已出现了原始农业,但还只是一种辅助性的经济。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西津人遗址位于郁江河畔的台地上,距离郁江水面约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米。遗址中螺蚌壳堆积之多,说明西津人曾在此定居了很长时间。在地广人稀的原始时代,人们要在丛林茂密、野兽横行、炎热多雨、地面潮湿、瘴气弥漫的自然环境中居住,就不能建像中原地区原始居民所构筑的半地穴式房子,而需要搭离地而居的干栏式寮棚。这样的建筑形式既干燥、通风、凉爽,又能防止毒蛇猛兽的伤害,确保人身的安全。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:08:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第五节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">敢造人及其文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">敢造人遗址位于扶绥县城西南约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公里的左江南岸。遗址面积约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方米,文化层厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1--2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,内含大量螺蚌壳、兽骨、墓葬以及些打制和磨光石器、陶片等新石器时代遗物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1973</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年考古工作者对该遗址进行了试掘,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6.2X1.6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米的探沟里,共发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具人骨架。因这些人骨架均处在结构松散的螺壳堆积层中,故没有看到明显的墓坑,亦未发现有葬具的遗迹,而且其骨骼多残缺不全。从人头骨的位置和方向判断,其葬式有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具为屈肢蹲葬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具为仰身直肢葬,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具为侧身葬。有一仰身直肢葬者的上肢骨弯向胸前,手端放在锁骨处,右手伸直</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但被一块砾石压住</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">下肢叉开,似是临死时作挣扎的姿态。另</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具侧身屈肢葬者骨架相依,面部相对,似为合葬。除一头骨旁有一骨笄外,其余未见有随葬品。遗址的贝丘堆积及其发现的人骨骸,表明敢造人在这里居住很长时间,并且还设置专门的墓地,形成了一定的埋葬制度,但其尸骨排列无序,无随葬品,又说明其葬法的原始。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">敢造人遗址的堆积物以及出土的石器和陶器的形制与制作方法、墓葬制度等所反映的生产力发展水平、经济形态、生活习俗、宗教信仰、社会形态乃至文化面貌及其年代等,都与桂林甑皮岩和柳州鲤鱼嘴遗址的上文化层以及西津人遗址基本相同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:09:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第六节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">小河洞人及其文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">小河洞新石器文化遗址位于云南省文山壮族苗族自治州麻栗坡县附近的畴阳河西岸。该洞穴遗址于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1974</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现次年进行清理。遗址文化层为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米厚的黑褐土堆积,里面含有熊、鹿、野猪、虎、竹鼠等野生动物和家畜马的遗骸。底部含有大址螺蛳壳。出土文物有数百片陶片和打磨精细的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">件石器,其中有有段石斧、有段石锛、有肩石斧、梯形石锛、三角形石刀、鱼形石刻装饰和正方形纹饰的石印模等;陶片多为手制夹砂灰褐印纹陶釜、平底陶罐、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">陶钵等器皿残片,主要纹饰为绳纹,另有划纹和附加堆纹等。以上石器与广东南海西樵山、广西左右江流域出土的石器相似,陶器组合及纹饰则与甑皮岩等地的基本相同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">小河洞新石器文化遗址应是西畴人古文化的继续和发展。在西畴仙人洞和麻栗坡小河洞之间,沿畴阳河一带的塘房小独山、蚌谷花子洞、海子狮子山、革机丁急洞、岔河小独山、岜基小独山、漂曲家湾等地又采集到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">余件石器和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">余片夹砂红灰色陶片,其石器也多为有肩石斧和有段石锛,最大的石锛长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">38</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米、刃口宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">最小的长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米、刃口宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米。最大的有肩石斧长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米、刃口宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">最小的长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米、刃口宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米。同时采集到的还有石凿、砍砸器和刮削器,当地壮族群众称新石器时代的石斧为“砍法”,意即天斧。至今仍将它作为可以降魔驱邪的圣物加以崇拜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与上述文化遗址并存的,还有蚌谷、海子狮子山岩洞壁画和麻栗坡大王岩画等文化遗址,毗邻的广南八宝、邱北曰者和金平县等地也发现有此类器物和岩画。另外,位于滇东和滇中的宣威尖角洞,曲靖蝙库坑,晋宁石寨山,昆明官渡,安宁王家滩,江川头嘴山、光山、螺蛳山,元谋大墩子、大那乌,姚安方家屯等地的洞穴遗址、贝丘遗址和台地遗址也出土了有肩石斧、有段石锛和几何印纹陶。泥陶内外壁和胎质中,还残留有清晰的稻谷壳和稻芒的印迹,整粒的碳化稻谷也偶有发现,且稃毛俱在。同时出土的还有陶纺轮、陶丸、陶网坠、骨铲、骨锥和有孔蚌刀等。这些文化遗址和小河洞的一样,与我国长江以南的“百越文化”或“东南海洋文化”是一致或相似的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">小河洞及其周围乃至滇中的新石器文化,其共同特征是:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、都以热带、亚热带的江边河畔及湖泽之滨为共同生活的场所。其遗址的种类一般是洞穴、贝丘和台地三种,大体早期多为洞穴遗址,中、晚期多为贝丘遗址和台地遗址。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、把江边泽畔的条块状砾石敲裂或劈开,制成单边刃口的有肩石斧和有段石锛,或者用灰黑色的角质岩及灰白色砂岩为原料,进行精细打磨,使其肩部成直角形、刃端呈斜坡状,而且通体磨光。与此同时,还制作有石铲、石凿、石刀及其它各种砍砸器、刮削器和研磨器,并用其加工骨、角、牙、蚌等器物,加工竹木工具和木石并用工具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、烧制的陶器以夹砂拍印绳纹粗陶最有代表性,晚期普遍生产和使用几何印纹软陶和硬陶为适应纺织和捕捞业的需要,他们还烧制陶纺轮和陶网坠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四、用上述生产工具在江河之滨或湖泽之畔进行原始的稻作生产同时捕捞螺、蚌、鱼、虾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">猎取走兽、飞禽,并用陶釜、陶罐煮食物吃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">五、过着定居的农业生活,房屋建筑采用“干栏”式,并以棉麻制品为衣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">小河洞人及其新石器时代的原始居民不仅创造了丰富多彩的物质文化,而且还创造了具有浓重宗教色彩的原始精神文化。在离小河洞不远的一座崖壁上,有他们用红、白、黑三种颜色绘制的原始人群画像和动物,画面高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,宽有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米,其中最为醒自的是两位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米高的裸体女人,此即著名的大王岩画。云南省博物馆专家鉴定为新石器时代人类活动的历史记录,当地壮族则把它视为女神或“咪弘”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">意即母皇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,这也许是母系氏族社会的产物。在西畴县蚌谷、海子中的狮子山上,有一组同时代的岩洞壁画,画中除有裸体人物、太阳、月亮、水、火、水牛、狗等图案外,还将人牵兽、骑兽、猎兽、驯兽的原始生活场面绘在洞壁上,这反映新石器时代的人们已开始驯养各种动物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:12:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第七节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">贝丘文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">贝丘文化是指原始人类以采集螺蛳、蚌类等水生软体动物和捕鱼狩猎为主要生活来源所遗留下来的一种文化遗存,亦即原始人类把剔食过后的螺蚌壳和兽骨遗弃一处,经不断堆积,日久愈多,形似小丘,故名“贝丘”,考古学称之为“贝丘遗址”,现在的当地居民称之为“螺蛳山”,国外则称为“庖厨”,即原始人类的生活垃圾堆。因而,贝丘文化是在特定的历史时期和特定地区出现的一种原始文化遗存。这类文化遗存主要分布在我国华南和东南亚等亚热带地区的江河畔及其附近的山洞和滨海一带。壮族地区是贝丘遗存的主要分布地之一,在桂江、西江、柳江、红水河、郁江、邕江、左江、右江流域以及北部湾畔,都发现有贝丘遗址,其中桂林甑皮岩,柳州鲤鱼嘴,防城亚菩山、马兰咀、较杯山,横县西津、秋江,邕宁长塘,南宁豹子头、青山,武鸣岜勋,扶绥江西岸、敢造等遗址先后进行了发掘或试掘,基本弄清了它们的文化内涵及其年代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">贝丘文化是壮族地区原始文化的一个重要组成部分。按其遗存所处在的具体位置,又可分为洞穴贝丘、台地贝丘和海滨贝丘三种类型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其中,洞穴贝丘和台地贝丘的文化内涵比较接近,其堆积物主要由淡水中的软体动物硬壳组成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">种类主要有乌螺、田螺、三角帆蚌、环带丽蚌、多瘤丽蚌,背瘤丽蚌等,并且还有众多的兽类动物遗骨。略为不同的是,洞穴贝丘遗址多处在距离江河较远的山洞里,但山下附近有溪河和湖沼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">台地贝丘则分布于江河两岸的一级台地上。海滨贝丘则主要发现于北部湾畔的丘坡上,旁侧有由内陆流入大海的淡水河,其堆积物主要是各种海生的软体动物贝壳,包括牡蛎、文蛤和魁蛤等,也有少量的乌蛳、田螺等淡水软体动物以及各种兽类动物遗骨。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族地区贝丘遗址的共同特征</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">堆积厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一般多在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米以上,最厚可达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">米),面积大〔一般为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方米,最大的达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">平方米以上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">墓葬处于贝丘堆积之中,台地和海滨遗址中只有原始居民的垃圾场〔贝丘〕,但未发现其居住建筑遗迹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">出土的石器多为打制,磨制石器相对较少,有的仅在刃部磨光</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">通体磨光者器身多保留有打击疤痕,反映了磨制技术的原始性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">皆出土陶片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而且多为手制的夹砂陶,火候偏低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经测定为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">680</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">度左右</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,胎壁厚,质地粗软,且多饰绳纹,反映其制陶技术的原始性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">贝丘堆积物虽以螺蚌壳为主,但还有多种兽类动物骨骸,反映当时渔猎和采集经济还很不发达。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">出土有各式石斧、石锛、石刀、蚌刀、石棒、石磨盘等农业生产工具,说明当时已出现了原始农业,但仍属一种辅助性经济。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">七)墓葬制度已形成,流行屈肢蹲葬,俚人骨架排列无序,多种葬式井存,而且少有随葬品无葬具,反映了墓葬制度的原始;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">八</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">贝丘堆积庞大,说明当时人们已过着较为稳定的定居生活。以上共同特点反映了壮族地区的贝丘文化属于同一种文化类型,而且它们的年代、社会组织及经济形态、生产方式、文化面貌、宗教信仰等也是基本相同的。也就是说壮族地区贝丘遗址的年代多为新石器时代早期,其中洞穴贝丘的年代相对较早,即为新石器时代早期的前期,台地和海滨贝丘的年代则相对较晚,约为新石器时代早期的后期,有的可能已进入新石器时代中期。这类文化遗存是原始时代渔猎和采集经济的产物其社会形态应为母系氏族社会的繁荣时期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壮族地区的贝丘文化在旧石器时代已经萌芽,到了旧石器时代晚期已有了一定的发展</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">来宾麒麟山人、柳江思多岩、陈家岩、柳州白莲洞人以及其他山洞遗址的胶结堆积层里,已发现有许多螺蚌壳与兽骨共存。到了新石器时代早期,贝丘文化开始进入高度发展的时候,其遗存不仅数量剧增,分布范围广,而且堆积庞大,内涵丰富。到了新石器时期中期,随着原始农业的发展,贝丘文化逐渐衰落。贝丘文化是壮族先民在生产力尚较低下的条件下,因地制宜,充分利用当地丰富的水生食物资源的结果,是先民们在长期的实践中,为了自身的生存与发展而开创的一种有效的生产生活方式。因为自古以来,壮族及其先民聚居地河网交织,湖泊密布,土地肥沃,丛林茂密,加上温热多雨的自然气候,非常适宜于各种螺蚌等水生软体动物乃至兽类的成长繁殖,其资源极为丰富。原始居民们在长期的渔猎和采集实践过程中,逐渐发现这些丰富易取的水生软体动物。不仅可以熟食充饥,而且味道鲜美。据检验,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">螺蛳肉中含有多种人体必需的营养成分,如蛋白质、脂肪、磷、钙、铁以及多种维生素等,而且还具有较高的食疗价值。我国传统医学认为田螺性味甘寒,无毒具有清热利尿,消署解渴,滋肝养肝,治黄胆等功效,故至今人们吃起来仍然津津有味,百吃不厌。当然,原</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">始居民们还不懂得其营养价值,只是采集它作为一种充饥的食物罢了。而且居住地附近的湖泽河边浅滩上螺蚌十分丰富,无须特别工具便可随手捡来,比起到丛林中狩猎,收获要稳定得多。从各贝丘遗址发现的灰烬及陶片来看,当时人们极可能是用陶容器把螺蚌煮熟后剔吃。与此同时,原始居民还从事狩猎和农业生产,以扩大和丰富其生活资料来源。所有这些生产劳动,都是以氏族为单位,按照不同性别和年龄的自然分工,共同劳动,共同生活各个贝丘遗址,应是一个母系氏族的聚落点,贝丘既是他们的垃圾堆,同时又是埋葬本氏族死者的墓地,其居住地也应在贝丘旁侧,各氏族成员平时在一起劳动生活,死后一同埋葬在本氏族的墓地里,从而形成了别具地方特色的贝丘文化。新石器时代中期以后,随着社会生产力的提高和生产经验的日趋丰富,原始农业有了较大的发展,并逐步成为社会主要的经济部门,渔猎和采集经济逐步退居次要地位,贝丘文化亦随之衰落,取而代之的是具有浓厚农耕文化性质和地方特色的大石铲文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:13:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第八节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大石铲文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大石铲文化是广西南部地区特有的以大石铲为主要特征的一种新石器时代晚期的文化类型。在这类文化遗存中出土遗物以各种形体硕大、造型独特、平整光滑、制作精致的石铲为主要特征,故名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经多年调查弄清,这类大石铲遗址集中分布在壮族聚居的桂南地区靠近江河湖泊的丘陵岗坡上,目前已发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">130</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多处,在两广地区的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多个县市都有发现,其中又以隆安县东南部、扶绥县北部和邕宁县西北部交界处即左右江下游及其交汇处一带分布最为密集,出土的石铲数量最多,器形最丰富,地理上也连成一片,而零星出土石铲的地方北到柳州、河池,东到北流、贺县,西达德保、靖西,南及合浦、海南岛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与广西相邻的广东省封开、德庆、兴宁等县和越南广宁省也有个别出土。自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代以来,考古工作者先后对扶绥县的那淋、韦关、中东,隆安县的大龙潭,邕宁县的坛洛以及靖西、武鸣等地的大石铲遗址进行了发掘,基本弄清了这类遗存的面貌及其文化内涵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从调查和发掘的资料看,集中分布于桂南壮族地区的石铲遗址的内涵物非常单纯,除了石器之外,几乎别无他物。在出土的石器中,除了少量的石斧、石锛、石锄、石凿、石犁、石祖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">男性生殖器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">之外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">约占出土石器总量的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">10-20%)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,绝大多数是各种形式的大石铲,有的遗址出土物几乎全部是大石铲,如隆安县大龙潭遗址共发掘出石器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">233</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">件,除了一件石凿和一件棱形石器外,其余皆为石铲。各遗址出土的石铲,形制规范,造型独特,工艺精巧,为其他地方所罕见。按石铲形态,可分为三种类型,其共同特征是上部皆有一个小凸柄,双肩弧刃。各个类型的差异主要在于腰部和肩角所呈现的不同形态,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型为小柄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">双平肩,直腰,弧刃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型亦为小柄,双肩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或平或斜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,弧刃,但腰间两侧略内弧呈束腰状;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">III</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型为小柄,双肩或二重双肩,束腰,弧刃,但肩角出现三凹三尖的锯齿形分叉。壮族各地乃至广东和越南等地所发现的石铲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其形制都属上述三种类型之列。但其个体大小悬殊,最小者长只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5-7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">34</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">0.7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米左右</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">最大者是隆安县大龙潭遗址出土的一件石铲,高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">73</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">43</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">可谓石铲之王</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一般石铲高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,宽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1. 5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米左右。其中以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲分布范围最广,在大石铲分布区几乎都有发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但又以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">III</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲个体最为硕大,制作也最为精致,尤其是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">III</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲,多见于大石铲遗址分布密集的左、右江交汇处一带。在如此广大地区出土的石铲形制如此规范</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">说明其具有同源关系,也就是说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">左、右江交汇一带应是大石铲文化发源的中心区,而后逐渐向四周传播扩展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大石铲文化经历了一个从产生到发展以至衰落的演变过程。大石铲是壮族先民为适应当地原始农业发展的需要而发明的一种新型生产工具。它们的不同形制,是原始居民在长期的农业生产实践中,为提高石铲的劳动效率而不断对之进行改造的结果。因而,它们之间的演变关系也是比较清楚的,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲的祖型是本地区常见的有肩石斧,所以二者的基本形制相同,只是为了便于耕作,将石铲个体加大。因而可以说,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲是有肩石斧的放大型。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲又是由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲发展演变而成,所以二者的柄、肩和刃部形态相同,唯一不同的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲的腰间两侧略呈内弧,这是人们为了便于用绳索绑缚木柄,以增加其牢固性而改造的结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因为大石铲是一种木石复合式的农业生产工具,使用时需加一条木柄,并且用绳索类把木柄与石铲紧紧地捆绑在一起,人们手持木柄,脚踏铲肩即可翻土耕作。而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲的腰部两侧平直,使用时捆绑木柄的绳索易于上下移动,造成脱落,必须重绑,影响耕作效率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲内弧的腰间可使绑索固定于其中不使其上下移动,有效地增强了木柄的稳定性。而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">III</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型的基础上又有新的改进,除了腰间内弧外,两边肩角设有锯齿形凹叉,这显然是为更有效地增加捆绑绳索的部位而设,其性能比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲更优。因而可以说,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">III</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲是三类石铲中的成熟型,亦是石铲文化中的精华</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">不仅其制作工艺最复杂最精致,造型美观独特,而且其功能与内涵也是丰富多样的。因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">III</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型石铲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也有一部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">II</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的个体普遍较硕大,既长又宽,刃口厚钝,似不适用于掘土,也容易折断</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而且这类石铲出土时多数成组叠立,刃部朝天,或围成圆圈,圈内为火坑。据此推断,这些大型石铲很可能已从实用的生产工具分化出来,变成一种与农业生产活动有关的祭祀性礼器或某种宗教意义的象征物。尽管如此,大石铲的主体功能与性质是实用的农业生产工具是可以肯定的,它们是壮族地区原始农业发展的产物。这种大石铲文化萌芽于新石器时代中期,兴盛于新石器时代晚期,青铜工具出现以后,大石铲文化逐渐衰落,春秋战国时期已少见其踪迹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">石铲多用细砂质页岩加工制成。其制作工艺比其它石器杂得多,不仅制作工序较为复杂,技术难度大,而且选料讲究,并非凡石可用,随处可得。石铲的制作一般要经过选取石料、打坯、切割、磨光等主要工序。选取石料是制作石铲的第一道工序,而砂质页岩石料只分布在一定地区的河岸边或山坡上,虽然其岩石具有发育良好的层理,但也需要人工开采才能获得。这就需要相应的撬取石片的工具和技术,以取得适合于制作石铲的石料;第二道工序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">是打坯和切割,当取来石料后,便按照所制石铲的形状及大小,在板块状料石上划出线框,先用石锤敲去边缘多余部分,制成粗坯,然后再用坚韧锐利的工具,依线切割</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">若石料过于厚重,还须敲削去余部,使之变薄,且要厚度均匀。现各地出土的石铲,切线垂直平整,弯曲自然,厚度均匀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">工整对称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">有的石铲边上还留有细长的切割凹槽,有的石铲背面尚留有清晰的鱼鳞状剥削痕迹,当时究竟使用何种工具将石料切割得如此平直光洁,转折自然,棱角分明,因没有发现其遗物</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">故至今仍是一个难解之谜,但这种切割制作石铲的工具的硬度必定比其石料更为坚韧锐利是可以肯定的,否则就不可能将石铲边缘切割得如此规整。第三道工序是对石铲进行抛光处理,即把切割出来的石铲粗坯用砺石对其两面和四周边缘进行磨光,其磨光工艺大抵要分两道工序,先是用颗粒较粗的砂岩磨石把石铲磨平。然后再用细砂岩磨石进行细磨抛光。现在所见的各类石铲,两面平整光滑如镜,其切面也做了进一步的磨光处理,反映出当时的石器磨制技术已达到相当娴熟高超的水平。而这些形制规范、工艺精致的石铲,不可能是谁人都可以制作,应是由氏族中富有经验的工匠专门制作出来的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如前所述,大石铲是从有肩石斧发展演变而成,是壮族先民为适应当地原始农业发展的需要而发明的一种新型农业生产工具。在石铲上加绑一根长木柄,其功能用途与现代壮族民间的铁铲或锸相似,可用来翻土、掘沟、理埂、碎土或平整土地使用时,手持木柄,脚踏铲肩,将铲刃插入土中后,达到翻土耕作的效用。伴随大石铲出现的还有石锛、石锄、石犁等工具。大石铲遗址多分布在距离江河较远的丘陵岗坡上,遗址内少见渔猎经济性质的工具,表明新石器时代晚期壮族地区的原始农业已有了较大的发展,耕作方法也有了一定的改进,生产规模和耕种面积进一步扩大,即由原来的江河两岸扩大延伸到附近的近临湖泽水源的丘陵地带。正是大石铲、石锄和石犁等新型工具的使用,才使生产效率提高,改进耕作方法,扩大耕种面积,提高农作物的产量成为可能。《交州外域记》云</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“交(趾)昔未有郡县之时,土地有雒田,其田从潮水上下,民垦食其田,因名为雒民”。雒田即壮语“(那)麓”,指山麓间所耕种之田。因壮族地区多山岭,到处群山起伏,丘陵绵延山岭之间,分布着许许多多大小不等的谷地,俗称“(弄)”或“峒”。这些(弄)或峒的地形多呈盆形或漏斗状,其间多有水潭、落水洞或溪河。每当雨季来临,山洪暴发,低洼的弄或峒中极易积水成泽。随着积水的增多上涨,四周的坡地则逐渐被水淹没。洪水消退后。其弄或峒里的积水水位亦逐渐下降,四周被水淹的坡地又恢复原貌。这样的坡地“从潮水上下”,每当洪水消退后,四周坡地上的低凹之处,仍保留着积水,这一处处残留积水的凹坑里,非常适合水稻的生长。而岭南地区是野生稻最多的地方,先民们在长期的采集活动中,逐步认识到野生稻的生长规律,于是就利用“从潮水上下”的“那麓”稍加耕作加工,使野生稻变为人工种植。随着生产经验的不断积累,耕作的面积亦日趋扩大,并发展到围筑田埂以积水耕种。在海滨,每当潮水上涨时,水位提高,河流的淡水流向大海时,随之水位也提高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这时人们就可以把河流的淡水引入离海滨较远的台地,修筑田埂,蓄水种植水稻。桂南地区的大石铲遗址多分布在地势较为低矮的岗坡上,附近多有水塘、水潭或小溪河,与雒田的地形特征基本相同。而这些田地现在仍为当地壮族人民所耕种。可见,当时的耕作方式已从前期的刀耕火种发展到锄耕农业阶段,这是耕作技术的一大进步。因为采用锄耕方法之后,土地得以翻动,其土质结构由板结变为疏松,杂草也被清除,保证了农作物的正常生长,使其产量的提高成为可能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现今我国的野生稻有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">类:普通类、药用类、疣粒类。在广西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">47</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个县市有野生稻资源,其中有普通类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多份资源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分布在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">42</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个县市,以桂中和桂南平原区为主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">药用类有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多份资源,分布在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个县市</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">有重叠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,以桂东南山区为主,疣粒类仅分布在海南省和云南省西双版纳。全国的野生稻资源,广西仅次于海南省,居第二位。结合考古资料研究,壮族地区应是水稻发源地之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">人类社会发展的历史告诉我们生产的变化和发展始终是从生产力的变化和发展,首先是从生产工具的变化和发展开始的。所以生产力是生产中最活跃的因素。先是社会生产力变化和发展,然后,人们的生产关系,人们的经济关系依赖这些变化,与这些变化相适应地发生变化。壮族地区的原始社会末期也是如此,大石铲、石锄、石犁等新石器的出现,标志着这一地区社会生产力有了新的提高,其耕作技术也有了较大的进步。正是这些新型工具的使用,提高了生产效率,促进了农业的发展,使之成为社会的主要经济部门。而农业的发展,必然会引起其社会诸制度的一系列变化,并且也为各项手工业以及家畜饲养业的发展乃至人们的定居生活创造了条件。由于渔猎经济已逐渐退居次要地位,男子在农业生产中日益发挥着重要作用,其社会地位自然随之加强。反之,妇女在社会经济生产中的作用则日趋减弱,其社会地位逐渐退居次要地位。这样,传统的母系氏族制度被新兴的父系氏族制度所取代,其家庭结构和婚姻形态也相应地发生变化,即传统的母系氏族家庭被父系氏族家庭所取代,传统的对偶婚逐步发展成为一夫一妻制。可见,大石铲文化不仅在壮族地区的原始文化中占有十分重要的地位,而且在壮族源远流长的社会发展史上也有着深远的影响</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大石铲出土地点统计表(略</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:14:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第九节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">瓯骆故地原始文化与百越诸地原始文化的关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西瓯骆越属于我国南方百越族群的一个支系,彼此有着密切的关系。那么,在百越族群形成之前的原始时代,其文化面貌和彼此的关系又是怎样呢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">?<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">据考古发现,早在旧石器时代,百越地区多已有了原始人类居住,并且出现了相似的旧石器文化,即人们皆选用个体适中的河砾石为原料,采用捶击的加工方法,在砾石的一端或边缘进行单向或交互打击成锋刃,制作成适用于砍伐、击杀、挖掘和切割的各种砍砸器、尖状器、刮削器等;人们的经济生活是以狩猎、捕鱼和采集野生植物为主,而且皆以天然的山洞作为栖息之所。这些相同的文化特征,并非说明百越诸地的先民在旧石器时代已经有了很密切的联系,其文化亦发端于同一渊源。事实恰恰相反,由于当时社会生产力还很低下,原始居民征服和改造大自然的能力还很有限,百越先民居住地之间,为高山、深谷、大川天然屏障所阻隔,各地原始居民只能以氏族或胞族为单位,局限在各个特定的空间里生活,尚难跨越地理屏障自由交往。因此,其相似的文化质态及经济生活形态,在很大程度上是由于百越原始居民们处在长江流域以南相似的自然环境,因而孕育产生相似的思维模式和生产方式的结果。多雨的、江河纵横的长江流域、珠江流域的大小河道中,堆积着经过洪水千百万年冲刷形成的众多的砾石,乃是这个大地区古人类选作制造工具的最好材料,这就是百越地区原始人类旧石器时代产生砾石共性的客观条件。所以马克思说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“不是人们的思维决定客观存在,而是客观存在决定人们的思维”。事实正是这样。然而,直到新石器时代早期,百越诸地的原始文化基本上仍然按照各自的发展规律发展着,不同的文化类型亦开始出现,如长江下游地区以浙江河姆渡为代表的具有较新质态的骨(耙)稻作农业文化,岭南地区则出现了具有浓厚渔猎经济特色的贝丘文化。与此同时,在诸多相邻的、尤其其间无高山屏障阻隔、水路畅通的地区,随着原始居民活动范围的逐步扩大,不同地区、不同氏族或部落的原始居民自然发生接触交往,从而出现了文化上的相互渗透、相互影响和相互吸收。随着彼此交往的日趋频繁及其关系的不断加深、不仅使得一个较大区域内的原始文化逐步交融而趋于一致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如广西地区的左江流域、郁江流域、漓江流域的原始居民所流行的屈肢蹲葬习俗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,而且使得在更大的相互毗邻的区域里出现了相同的文化特征,如两广地区乃至越南地区在新石器时代早期都流行饰有绳纹的手制陶器、以盘状大块砾石为磨盘和棒状石杵的石器,并且流行以贝丘堆积作为埋葬死者的墓地和流行屈肢蹲葬;珠江流域和长江下游地区共同流行稻作农业和居住干栏建筑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">到了新石器时代中期,随着各地越人先民的社会生产力水平的不断提高,生产工具有了改进和创新,推动了原始农业和畜牧业的发展,各地原始居民的活动范围进一步扩大,冲破地理藩篱、跨越自然屏障的活动能力不断增强,不同地区的交往日益频繁,其范围也日趋扩大。遂使文化上的相互渗透、相互影响与吸收成为必然,而文化上出现趋同性的现象也就日益增多而明显。到了新石器时代晚期以致形成了共同特征</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例如在使用生产工具方面共同流行有段石锛、有肩石斧和石钺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在陶器的制作上共同流行几何印纹陶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在农耕上流行稻作农业</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在居住建筑的构造方面流行干栏住宅,等等。现分别简述如下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、有段石锛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这种石器是百越故地最富有地方特征的生产工具之一。它萌芽于新石器时代早期,产生于新石器时代中期,盛行于新石器时代晚期,衰落于青铜时代。这类石器集中发现于百越人聚居的江苏、浙江、福建、上海、广东、江西、广西等地。此外,在与之相邻的湖北、安徽、云南、贵州等部分地区也有发现。这种有段石锛是在常见型石锛的基础土改造而成,其特点是两端扁薄,中间凸起一段棱脊,故名这种石锛是一种木石复合生产工具,在石锛上夹绑一根横向木柄,可达到延长手臂、便于耕作、提高工效的目的。而石锛腰间凸起的段脊正是为了更有效地夹绑木柄而设制的,而且是为了适应百越地区锄耕农业发展的需要而制作的。其形态经历了一个从低级到高级、从原始粗糙到精致规整的发展演变过程。百越地区有段石锛最早肇源于江浙交界的太湖地区,其早期形态见于长江下游的马家洪文化诸遗址中,而后逐步北向江苏,山东,南向福建、江西、广东、广西、云南乃到越南等广大地区传播,器形也日趋规范,制作工艺亦日趋精致。因此,百越地区发现的这种形制规范、具有鲜明地方特色的有段石锛,是各地越族先民相互交往,文化上的相互渗透和相互吸收的物化表现。究其深层的原因,乃是各地越人先民客观上具有对这种生产工具的需求以及人们的文化心理的认同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">感,才使之得以迅速地广泛传播。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、有肩石斧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这是百越地区新石器时代最富有地方特色的另一类石器。这种石器是越族先民在梯形石斧的基础土改造而成的,其特点是在器体的上部两侧凿磨出小凸丙和对称的平肩,使之平面呈“凸”字形,故名有肩石斧。已与有段石锛一样、是一种木石复合型的生产工具,其凸出的小柄和双肩正是为了更有效地夹绑横木柄而设制的。从目前的发现情况看,这类有肩石斧的起源与传播态势与有段石锛恰好呈逆向递传,其主要发源地在岭南的珠江流域</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">最早发现有肩石斧是在广西横县西津新石器时代中期遗址和广东南海西樵山遗址。其最初的形态是略为隆起的小单肩,而且只是刃部磨制得较为精致,器身仍保留着打击疤痕。而后才出现双肩,但器身仍是粗磨,西樵山遗址还出土众多的尚未磨制的有肩石斧。到了新石器时代晚期这种有肩石斧不仅形制规整,而且磨制精致。在其发展演变过程中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">即逐渐向北面和西面两个方向扩展传播。向北传播的趋向是通过粤北传入湖南、江西,而后传递到浙江、福建、江苏乃至台湾等地;向西则渐次往云南、贵州、越南等地传递。因此,在百越分布地区几乎都发现有这类石肩石斧,使之成为我国南方地区新石器时代中晚期常见的最有地方特色的文化要素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、石钺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这是百越地区最富有地方特色的又一种石器。石钺有两种形制,一种形似双肩石斧,但两肩形态呈流线形</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">阔弧刃。两边刃角微上翘,形似铜钺。另一种形似长身梯形石斧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但器身上部钻有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1--3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个小圆孔,器体也较扁薄。前者多见于岭南地区,但其他越人分布地也有发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">后者主要发现于江、浙、闽地区,岭南诸地也有发现两类石钺分布范围甚广,北起山东,南至两广乃至越南地区。正由于石钺形制独特,制作精致,且集中发现于百越地区,故许多学者认为我国南方的越族之称谓源于“戉”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">即钺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">器,以物名族,即擅于制作和使用石钺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">包括后来铸造和使用的铜钺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的民族。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四、几何印纹陶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这是我国南方百越地区新石器时代晚期共同流行的具有鲜明地方特色的一种陶器。目前在广西东北部、广东、江西、福建、浙江、江苏以及湖北、安徽等省区的部分地区的新石器时代晚期文化遗址中均有发现。其陶质有泥质陶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">即粘土烧制而成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和瓷质陶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">即用高岭土烧制而成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">两种,其中以后者最具有代表性。其特点是陶胎细腻坚硬、火候高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">烧成温度达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1100 'C</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">左右</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,装饰纹饰采用印模拍印方法,故名。其纹饰流行方格纹、圆圈纹、圆涡纹、漩涡纹、网结纹、曲折纹、席纹、菱形纹、水波纹、叶脉纹、云雷纹等由几何形线条组成的花纹图案。因其纹饰采用印模拍印的方法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">故而纹饰多规整流畅,均衡对称。这些纹饰虽然多已抽象成图案化,但其纹样最初应源于越人的生产和生活,寓含着人们的某种观念。例如常见的编织纹,应与南方地区盛产竹、苇、藤、麻之类的编织物有关;叶脉纹是树叶脉纹的模拟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">水波纹是水波的形象化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">云雷纹导源于流水的漩涡等等。其中多数纹样应与越族先民对具体自然物的崇拜或图腾有关。例如自古以来百越先民及其后裔流行崇拜雷神、树神、水神,并且以蛇为图腾加以崇拜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">五、干栏建筑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这是我国南方越族地区流行的一种富有地方特色的离地而居的建筑形式。其特点是构木为巢或依树积木,或立木为柱,缉茅索綯,伐木驾楹,人居楼上,其下圈养家畜。这是越族先民为适应南方炎热多雨地面潮湿的气候和猛兽横行的自然环境而发明建造的一种居住建筑形式。在浙江河姆渡、钱山漾、罗家角,江苏的香草河、梅堰,广东的高要茅岗,云南的海门口等新石器时代遗址里,都发现有干栏式建筑的遗迹。壮族地区目前虽然还役有发现新石器时代的干栏建筑木构件,但在灌阳、钦州独料等新石器时代遗址里,曾发现有分布具有一定规律的柱洞,很可能就是干栏建筑的遗迹。在秦汉时期的墓葬中,出上有大量干栏式建筑模型,则可充分证明这种建筑早在秦汉时代以前已在广西地区流行。况且直到现在,越人后裔的壮侗语族诸民族中居住在边远山区者仍保留着大量干栏建筑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">六、稻作农业</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">古越族先民是我国乃至世界上最早种植水稻的民族之一。在距今约六七千年的浙江马家洪文化和河姆渡文化中,已发现多处人工栽培水稻的遗迹。在江苏无锡的仙蠡墩、吴县的草鞋山、上海青浦的崧泽等遗址的下层、浙江余姚的河姆渡遗址第四文化层和峒乡的罗家角等新石器时代遗址中,都分别发现了成堆的稻谷壳、结成团块的炭化稻谷、稻谷颗粒、米、稻草的茎和叶等遗物在距今约四五千年的新石器时代晚期的良渚文化中,如杭州的水田畈遗址、钱山漾遗址、广东曲江的石峡遗址以及江西修水的跑马岭遗址中,也分别发现有炭化的稻谷、稻草等遗物。这些发现充分证明早在新石器时代,百越先民已普遍种植水稻,是世界土人工栽培水稻的首先发明者之一。壮族地区虽然还没有发现新石器时代栽培水稻的遗迹,但从新石器时代众多的贝丘遗址出土的石磨盘、石杵、石锛、石刀、蚌刀以及众多的石铲遗址发现的大批石铲和一些石锄、石犁等农业生产工具来看,西瓯骆越先民应与其他地区的越族先民一样,在新石器时代已开始种植水稻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">综上所述,壮族地区新石器时代的原始居民与周邻地区的越族先民已经有了较为密切的联系和交往。随着彼此交往的日益频繁、关系的日趋密切和文化互渗与融合的不断加深,从而为后来百越族群的形成奠定了丰厚的基础.</span>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:24:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第三章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">史前人类与壮族的关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">早在数万年以前的旧石器时代,瓯骆故地上已有人类居住,并世代繁衍,不断发展着。壮族是由西瓯骆越逐步发展演变而形成的特定的自然地理环境和生产生活方式,使人类形成相应的体质特征。而人类的体质形态特征又具有很大的稳定性和遗传性。因而,通过对人类体质形态的比较研究,可以揭示一个民族的渊源和发展关系。具体地说,通过对瓯骆故地上各时期的人类体质形态进行测量,并将之与壮族的体质形态进行比较研究,以揭示他们之间的关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">
                                </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">史前人类的体质形态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、旧石器时代人类的体质形态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">前面第一章介绍过瓯骆故地上旧石器时代的人类化石,其中对研究体质形态有重要意义的主要有柳江人和老磨槽洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、柳江人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">柳江人骨胳化石曾经中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所测量。测量的项目和结果如下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(略,详情请看</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">PDF</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">档</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">56</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">页到第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">59</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">根据观察和测量,可将柳江人的特征综合如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">柳江人头骨属中头型,接近长头型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">前囟点的位置较现代人靠后;肩脊粗壮,额部稍向后倾斜;面部短而宽,眼眶也相应地矮而宽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">柳江人头骨面部的鼻颧角为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">143.55</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">度,介于蒙古人种与澳大利亚一尼格罗人种之间。鼻根高宽指数很低,属于澳大利亚一尼格罗人种范围之内,但总的说来,柳江人的特征具有较多的蒙古人性质,例如,颧骨较大而前突,鼻骨低而宽,上门齿舌面呈铲形,年约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁而第三臼齿尚未长出等,因而明显属于蒙古人种的系统。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外,柳江人除一段股骨因尺寸较短且纤细,可能属于女性外,其余同属于一个男性个体。股骨干上部的扁平度介于北京猿人和现代人之间,与尼安德特人较为接近。股骨中段髓腔比山顶洞人的小而近于古人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">早期智人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,说明柳江人具有一定的原始性。但是柳江人又有许多近于现代人的特征,如脑容量约有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1400</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升,前额膨大隆起,嘴部后缩,头骨枕部没有粗壮的肌脊等,说明柳江人虽比山顶洞人原始,但比各种狼人和古人进步。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、老磨槽洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">老磨槽洞人类化石,曾经作过些项目的测量。测量的结果如下(略,详情请看</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">PDF</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">档第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">页)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从形态观察和测量可以看到,老磨槽洞人具有明显的晚期智人的特征。如二腹窝的位置介于尼安德特人和现代人之间,与现代人一样有舌下腺凹,但较浅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颏孔的水平高度较现代人低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">牙齿较现代人粗壮;联合部高度介于山顶洞人男性和甑皮岩新石器时代人类男性之间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">下颌粗壮度无论是在颊孔平面处还是在第一或第二下臼齿平面处都与山顶洞人男性接近;颏部突度指数介于山顶洞人男女两性之间,比较倾向于男性;颏孔高度较山顶洞人低;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">M1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">M2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颊面间差介于古人与新人之间;臼齿较宝积岩晚期智人的大,珐琅质较厚,等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">与当时中国大陆已分化出的以山顶洞人体质特征为代表的华北类型和以柳江人体质特征为代表的华南类型两大类型人类相比,老磨槽洞人显然属于华南类型。因此,老磨槽洞人很可能是前承柳江人,后启甑皮岩人的更新世晚期人类。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、新石器时代人类的体质形态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一、滑岩洞人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>1960</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年发现于灵山县石塘公社钟秀山滑岩洞的零散人类骨骼,编为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个号。其中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">02</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">03</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号为头骨,包括大部分额骨、鼻骨上部、左侧顶骨和部分枕骨,额骨内有指压迹和动脉沟等,头骨缝简单,眉弓不发达。顶骨比现代人稍厚。从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号皆为下颌骨,但多残缺,只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号保存尚完好,仅缺下颌骨上的关节突和肌突</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;08</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号保存了左侧下颌体,下颌体外侧面部的额三角显著,颌三角上有下额内曲,但不如现代人明显。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:26:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经鉴定,滑岩洞中的人骨至少有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个个体,其中壮年女性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,青年男性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个,幼年个体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">各部位骨骼所测量数据如下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鼻根高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鼻根区指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">25. 64<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">额骨弦长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">109</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">额骨弧长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">125</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">额骨弦弧指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">87.2<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">顶结节附近顶骨厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6.5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">前囱点附近顶骨厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌前部倾角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">65</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>08</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌前部倾角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">78</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌角间径</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">73. 5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号颏联合高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">37</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>08</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号颏联合高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">31</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌体高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>08</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌体高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌体厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>08</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌体厚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1z</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>07</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌粗壮指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50.0<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
                                </span>08</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号下颌粗壮指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">44. 4<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">综合上述骨骼材料的非测量特征和测量数据,滑岩洞人额骨的弦、弧指数具有现代人性质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">但从顶骨厚度的观察及下颌骨的下颌倾角介于化石人与现代人之间,下颌体比现代人粗壮等判断,较现代人原始一些。而其鼻根部低平,鼻根区指数小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">头缝简单;眉弓不发达,眉弓不及眶缘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1/2,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">眉间平坦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">牙齿舌面铲形等特征,则表明其属于蒙古人种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:28:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二、甑皮岩人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">甑皮岩洞穴遗址的人类骨骼共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具,其中保存比较完好的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1977</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的张银运、王令红和董兴仁对其中的人类头骨进行了观察、测量和研究。但有些项目尚未进行。因此,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1993</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月广西民族研究所与广西中医学院联合,对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具骨骸作了补充观察测量。其结果见附表。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、年龄和性别</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例成年人体的年龄鉴定主要是依据牙齿的磨耗程度,按现代人磨耗程度估计史前人类年龄的修正方法。按现代人年龄段划分标准,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例居民死亡时的年龄分别是青年(性成熟起到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">23 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例,成年期(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">24 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">35 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例,中年期(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">36 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">59 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例。其中,没有寿命能达老年期(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁以上)者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:29:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在甑皮岩遗址史前居民</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">14 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个个体中,仅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个个体可估计身高,其中身材最高者为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">167 . 60 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,最矮者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">147 . 12 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">位男性的平均身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">161 . 16 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,与柳江人男性身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">164 . 6 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米相差无几,与现代马山县勉圩村男性成年壮族居民的平均身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">160 . 95 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米也较接近。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个女性成年个体的平均身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">156 . 51 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米,高于身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">152 . 5 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米的柳江人女性居民,也高于平均身高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">148 . 93 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厘米的马山县勉圩村现代壮族成年女性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、颅容量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">甑皮岩遗址史前人类的颅容量是通过颅围长、矢状弧、横弧、最大长、颞骨弦、顶骨弧、额最大宽、面宽、颅宽、额骨弧、颅高等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">11 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项颅骨测量性状的测值,利用朱芳武等《</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颅容量计算公式的探讨》</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一文提出的公式计算而得的。据计算,甑皮岩遗址史前人类中,女性颅容量平均为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1433 . 95 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升,男性平均为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1456 . 88 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升,颅容量的性差为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">22 . 93 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升。而现代壮族男性平均颅容量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1457 . 9 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升,女性平均为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1273 . 5 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升,颅容量的性差为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">184 . 4 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">毫升,远大于甑皮岩人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>

莫名 发表于 2010-12-26 14:29:00

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、种族类型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">张银运等在观察、测量甑皮岩人头骨之后曾经指出,他们虽具有若干“赤道人种”的特征,但基本上属于蒙古人种,且与蒙古人种中的南亚种族比较接近。后来的观察和测量结果也大体一致。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三、鲤鱼嘴人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鲤鱼嘴遗址的几具人骨架,编为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号,其观察结果如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号骸骨(编号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">LDL 1 ) : <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">包括已严重残缺的颅骨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">件和基本完整的下颌骨、左右髌骨、左右肱骨、左右股骨各</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">件,同属一个男性个体。从臼齿的磨耗度多为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">IV </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">V </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">级看,其年龄为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">33 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">岁左右。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">颅骨为椭圆形,未见有额中缝,颅顶缝的前囟段为微波型,顶段为深波型,顶孔段和人字点段为锯齿波型。颅顶形状呈两面坡式。颅侧壁呈垂直状。眉弓突度特显,范围达眶上缘全长。眶形为正方形。眶口前倾,额结节不明显,下颌骸形为圆形,未出现摇椅下颌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></p></span></p>
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