岭南最早发明生物防治技术 早过西方千年
<div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px; "><table width="530" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><tbody style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><tr style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><td align="center" class="fb24" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">岭南最早发明生物防治技术 早过西方千年<br/><br/></td></tr><tr style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><td height="1" background="http://images.china.cn/images1/ch/07news/b_13.gif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px; "></td></tr><tr style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><td align="center" class="f12_006AA2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px; line-height: 21px; color: rgb(0, 106, 162); text-decoration: none; "><a href="http://www.china.com.cn/news/index.htm" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 106, 162); line-height: 21px; font-size: 12px; ">广州日报</a> 时间： 2010-09-16 <br/><br/></td></tr><tr style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><td class="f14_000000" id="fontzoom" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "><div id="vf" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; width: 530px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><font color="#333399" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img id="13908269" md5="" src="http://images.china.cn/attachement/jpg/site1000/20100916/001372ac8ac30dfbb11e15.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; " alt=""/></font></p><p align="center" class="pictext" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><font color="#333399" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">黄柑蚁</font></p><p align="center" class="pictext" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><font color="#333399" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></font></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img id="13908270" md5="" src="http://images.china.cn/attachement/jpg/site1000/20100916/001372ac8ac30dfbb11e16.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; " alt=""/></p><p align="center" class="pictext" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><font color="#333399" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">架田图解</font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">无土栽培：架田</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">虽然葑田是“水上农田”，但毕竟不能脱离土壤而存在。不过在岭南先民开始广泛利用葑田之前，同样依托广阔的水面开发出一种真正的“无土栽培”技术。这就是《草木状》中记载的“架田”。它用芦苇或竹篾编成，中间做出小孔，不需铺泥，用来种植蕹——也就是空心菜等蔬菜。将种子种在架田上，“则如萍根浮水面，及长，茎叶皆出苇筏孔中，随水上下”。这种方式在之后的岭南农业生产中长期广泛地使用，直到清末，广州小北门外一带的“蕹塘”，采用的仍是这种无土栽培方法。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">生态农业</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">黄柑蚁防蠹：</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">早过西方一千几年</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">晋代嵇含在其名著《草木状》中曾经记载“交趾（越南）人以席囊贮蚁鬻于市”，并且将这种蚁放养在柑桔树上以防治“群蠹”。这是世界上最早的关于生物防治、以虫治虫的记载。这种方法在以后岭南的柑桔生产中一直采用，比如唐代刘恂的《岭表录异》、南宋的《鸡肋编》中都有记载，清初《岭南新语.虫语》中还详细描述了使用方法，即连窠买“山中大蚁”置树头，用藤竹作为蚁桥连通各树，使大蚁能顺利往来于各株柑桔，寻食柑桔害虫。这种方法在柑桔、柠檬的种植中广泛使用。据考证，这种大蚁就是能捕食棱蝽等20多种柑桔害虫、目前仍在大陆东南沿海柑桔园中普遍使用的“黄蚁”，又名黄柑蚁。从世界范围来看，西方直到19世纪才有类似的记录，比我们晚了1000多年。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">鲩鱼防治杂草：</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">岭南历史首创</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">同样是在唐代，岭南先民发明了利用鲩鱼将荒草吃尽使荒地变熟田的方法。这种方法不但使养鱼和改良土壤一举两得，而且是世界历史上利用生物防治杂草的首创。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">烟骨防治稻螟虫：</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">清代粤人首用</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">到了清代，随着烟草的传入，作为最早种植烟草的地区之一的岭南农民们，也率先发现了应用烟骨或烟叶的下脚料防治稻螟虫等害虫的方法。例如在乾隆时期的《嘉应州志》中记载：“烟草取其筋骨舂末，杂石灰散布禾苗，杀虫兼滋润苗根。近则以生烟草杵烂，置田中，效捷而功更省。所以州人种烟草者益众”。这也能够从另外一个角度，解释清代烟草种植业兴起的原因。白话俗语中有“塞烟骨”一词，意指先投入，希望日后得利。词源就是从这里来的。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">从宋元开始的围海造陆</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">与许多人耳熟能详的荷兰人“向海洋要地”的壮举相比，岭南先民从宋元时期便逐步开始的“造陆”过程年代更久远。所谓“沙田”，就是由河流上游夹带来的泥沙淤积形成的农用土地。这种淤积常常被人为地通过堤围等方式加速。在先民的描绘中，这一海中造田的过程充满了诗情画意。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">第一个阶段是“鱼游”。这时江河带下的泥沙沉积离水面约2～3米，极适于鱼群活动，故名。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">第二个阶段是“橹迫”。这时水下沙坦距低潮时的水面已经升高到1～2米，俗语称作“水坦”，小船撑舟可以触及淤泥，而且水已经浅到船橹可以触泥，摇橹困难的阶段。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">第三个阶段是“鹤立”。这时若遇低潮，沙坦已经可以露出水面，人们可以蹬板滑行，俗称“白坦”，但涨潮时仍被淹没，鹤之类的水鸟可以在上面自由觅食。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">第四个阶段是“草埗”。此时沙坦逐渐露出水面，野生的秋茄、老鼠簕等喜湿植物可以在上面生长，也可以人工种植芦荻、咸水草等于其上，称为草坦。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">最后一个阶段就是“围田”。这个阶段的草坦逐渐淤高，泥土日益坚实，渐渐可以经常露出水面，只是在涨潮之时才有浅层薄水。这个时候就可以试种耐咸的虾稻，进行人工拍围，开垦利用，最终造成沙田。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">沙田的自然发育是个缓慢而有选择的过程，且只有在海湾回流处、河岸两边、沿海岛屿背风浪处等地域容易淤积成田。但先民们通过围堤、打桩、抛石、种草等方式大大加速了淤积的过程，成田的速度也因此变得越来越快。例如清代道光十八至二十九年（1838-1849）间，番禺万顷沙每年沙田拓展不过12顷，到光绪十八年（1892），整个万顷沙围田已达4000顷。</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><br/></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; "><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img id="13908267" md5="" src="http://images.china.cn/attachement/jpg/site1000/20100916/001372ac8ac30dfbb11e13.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; " alt=""/></p><p align="center" class="pictext" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><font color="#333399" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">陶牛，1955年大元岗出土。水牛是秦汉时期岭南社会最主要的农业生产工具。</font></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><img id="13908268" md5="" src="http://images.china.cn/attachement/jpg/site1000/20100916/001372ac8ac30dfbb11e14.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; " alt=""/></p><p align="center" class="pictext" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><font color="#333399" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">陶水田，1962年关东佛山澜石出土。</font></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">岭南先民很早便创造了水上农田、无土栽培、生态农业、围海造陆……</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">如果在十几个世纪之前，人类就掌握了卫星发射的技术，那么从遥远的外太空垂直拍摄下去，珠江三角洲会是怎样的景象？那是一座从绿海之中生长出来的城市。环绕着它的绿色，不仅仅是繁茂恣纵的原始森林和野生植物，还有一片片显然刻上了人工痕迹的地块——农田。从最早的先民在这里砌起城墙的同时，他们也围绕这个据点，营造出丰富的乡村生活。从此“乡土”也就成为广州城市文化中不可割裂的一部分。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">本专题采写 记者卜松竹</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">图：广州文物考古研究所 广州博物馆提供</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">陶水田模型显示</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">汉代岭南农业水平很高</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">根据颜泽贤、黄世瑞等专家的考证，由于北方煤铁矿的运入，汉代珠江三角洲已经普遍冶炼并使用铁器，种类包括斧、锄、刀、镰、凿、削等生产工具。相对青铜器更为轻巧坚硬的铁器在岭南农业生产上的广泛使用，使岭南农业生产效率大幅提高。在广州等地汉墓出土的陶水田模型中可以清楚看出，水田周边围绕田基，中间以田埂分隔，田地中有从事劳动的陶俑。水田内的土地平坦整齐，说明当时农田的整治已经达到很高的水平。在陶田中时常可见划水波纹以及旁边附着的小船，小船与水田之间有跳板相连。这种河网纵横，舟楫相连的水网景观成为之后珠江三角洲地区水乡农业的标志性符号。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">水上农田——葑田：</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">隋唐以后缓解了岭南耕地的不足</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><br/></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">颜泽贤、黄世瑞在《岭南科学技术史》中还指出，隋唐五代后期，岭南先民创造性地发明了“葑田”这种形式种植作物，用以缓解耕地不足的难题。所谓葑田，是一种天然形成的水上田块。主要是由于泥沙长期淤积在丛生于浅水中的多年生水生宿根草本植物——茭草的根部，与茭草的众多细长根茎相互缠绕之后形成一层结层，越积越多，逐渐扩大，漂浮在水面，成为一种可以浮泛移动的自然土地。后来农民们又发明了人造葑田，也就是在木筏上铺土造成“蔬圃”或者“酒肆”，以充分利用水面空间。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; "><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 30px; ">葑田独特的性质让伴随其的农业生产充满了戏剧性。它们就像不听话的孩子，时不时就玩玩“离家出走”的把戏。例如《岭南考古辑要》中曾经记载五代十国大越后主刘鋹年间，“有稻田自海中浮来”；《玉堂闲话》中也记载了一则发生在五代的故事，是说番禺一家农户在葑田上“垦为圃”，种植蔬菜，结果“夜被人所盗，盗至百里外”。一夜之间可以被盗贼拖拽着长途奔袭百里而保证蔬菜无损。若不是考虑到这是一次“夜盗”的违法行径，它恐怕也能算是最早期的“远程保鲜”技术了。</p></span></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div>
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