[转帖]巴蜀都掌蛮[僚人家园]——壮族、布依族、岱侬族共同论坛『Goek Raeuz 越僚史地』

shanshe 发表于 2009-6-29 10:23:00

[转帖]巴蜀都掌蛮

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 141.15pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 7.48; mso-outline-level: 2;">巴蜀都掌蛮{转帖者注：寮国今老挝，古称南掌，与“象”有关也，巴蜀的都掌，莫非亦与象有关？“都掌”用今壮人言，谓之“只象”，绝非巧合。“澜沧”、“万象”也是与象有关，由此可知，“象”支系在百越里是非常重要尚武的一支，历史上甚至有可能是组成百越中坚军事力量的一个族群}<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">明代四川有一支叫都掌蛮的少数民族，生活在今宜宾、珙县一带，崇尚武风，喜好铜鼓，族中有人病故，全族往往将其棺木悬挂在悬崖峭壁之上，称为悬棺葬；墓葬旁边，还有一些斑驳的岩画，这些岩画以醒目的方式记载下都掌蛮对于世界的独特感受，他们将历史雕刻在悬崖上，一组岩画其实就是一部史诗。明王朝将都掌蛮视为心腹大患，不惜十二次动用大军征讨，前后大小数百战，非置都掌蛮于死地不可；明万历之后，昔日威风凛凛的都掌蛮神秘消失，族中勇士大多战死沙场，侥幸逃脱的隐姓埋名，他们与明王朝有着莫大的仇恨？    <a name="2"></a>明代都掌蛮<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　明代成都迎来了多事之秋，1644<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">年张献忠第三次入蜀，在成都称帝登基，建立大西政权；明代都掌蛮是四川一个活跃的少数民族，与都掌蛮的战争几乎持续了整个大明王朝，万历年间，都掌蛮最终难逃灭亡的命运；四川少数民族众多，都掌蛮是悬崖艺术家，羌族则保持了早年的习俗；明代分封蜀王在成都，历代蜀王在成都建筑蜀王府，死后也葬在成都。    <a name="3"></a>勇士与艺术家<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　明朝年间，西南叙州（今四川宜宾、珙县）一带，生活着一支叫都掌蛮的少数民族，这是一些有着浓郁武风的勇士，也是一群爱好铜鼓与岩画的艺术家。有学者认为，都掌蛮与汉代有“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">夷中最仁，有仁道”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">之称的僰人、晋代蜂拥入蜀的僚人或许不无关联，甚至延续的就是同一血脉。如果这个推论不假，昔日浩浩荡荡的僚人入蜀，在千年之后，留下的仅仅是这个偏安一隅的民族了。明代都掌蛮虽村寨众多，部落却不大，仅有数万人，栖身崇山峻岭之间，过着“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">火耕流种，既饱且嬉”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">的生活。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　考古学家曾在珙县悬棺葬中发现过两件明正德、嘉靖年间的景德镇瓷器，也就是说，这种自汉代开始滥觞的丧葬习俗，直到明代仍然为都掌蛮顽强地坚持下来。悬棺动辄数百公斤，想将其悬挂在悬崖峭壁上，对于明代都掌蛮来说，依旧是一个浩大的工程。与悬棺同时进行的往往是岩画，<span style="COLOR: #ff6600; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">都掌蛮用一种红色颜料将他们心目中的世界在悬崖上雕刻出来：{<span style="COLOR: #ff6600; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">转帖者注：四川版的花山壁画？}<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">人头上有个发髻，或戴着斗笠；舞蹈者双手上举，五指张开，全身呈跳跃状，这是部落的“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">蛙神”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">；武师将获取的人头提在手上，进行庄严的“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">猎头”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">仪式。都掌蛮将历史雕刻在悬崖上，一组岩画其实就是一部史诗。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　都掌蛮生性豪迈，不受拘束，平时散居在村寨中，一遇战事，则各寨擂鼓集合，勇士披挂上阵，转眼就能变成一支强大的军队。而自明朝建立以来，与都掌蛮的战争便贯穿了这个王朝的始终，明太祖、成祖、英宗、代宗、世宗、穆宗在位时皆曾对都掌蛮用兵。那么，是什么令明朝诸位皇帝大动肝火，非要至远在西南的都掌蛮于死地不可呢？    <a name="4"></a>都掌蛮激变<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　明初天下方定，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">西南夷来归者，即用原官授之”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，不过，都掌蛮好武，即便归降，仍“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">时时盗边，侵略旁小邑”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">；都掌蛮盘踞的凌霄城，曾是南宋军民为抗击蒙古军依山修筑的城堡，四周皆为绝壁，奇险无比。都掌蛮在这里囤积粮食，占山称王，好不热闹。加上叙州地处云、贵、川三省咽喉，战略位置极为险要，故《明实录》才有了“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">都掌蛮盘踞其中，实为大患”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">的感叹。都掌蛮每一骚动，三省为之震动，明王朝视之为洪水猛兽，必欲将叙州牢牢掌握在手。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　明成祖年间，都掌蛮“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">攻劫高、珙、筠连、庆符诸县”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，而到了明朝中叶，四川土地兼并日盛，大量失去耕地的农民沦为流民，遂加入都掌蛮，与之并肩作战。当时，加入都掌蛮队伍的汉人流民主要有三类：一是脱逃的军犯及一些早年逃入在寨的流民；二是蜀中大盗；三是亡命的汉人，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">黠者遂为谋主”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。汉人的加入使得都掌蛮如虎添翼，行军作战更有谋略，因此，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">改土归流”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">便成为明王朝的当务之急。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　历代史学家对“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">改土归流”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">的解释并不详细，实际上，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">土”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">指土官，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">流”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">则是明王朝设立的流官，所谓“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">改土归流”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，就是要在少数民族聚集地委派明朝官员，建造兵营，兴办学校，编造户口。洪武六年（公元1373<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">年），明王朝试图将都掌蛮的“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">改土归流”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">作为一个旗帜，在周围地区尚未改革的情况下，便在都掌蛮聚集的珙、筠等地强行设立官吏，驻扎军队。然而，随着明王朝吏治的日益腐败，派遣到叙州的官员也多是横征暴敛、中饱私囊之辈，引起都掌蛮强烈不满，仅仅数十年后，双方便兵戎相见。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　景泰元年（公元1450<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">年），高、珙、筠、戎四县的都掌蛮起兵反叛，扬言明朝公差每年来寨中征粮，我要报复。于是将公差捆绑在树上，乱箭射杀，尔后攻占郡县，屠长宁（今四川长宁县），劫庆符、江安、纳溪，史载长宁经此浩劫，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">庐舍千余区，县之公宇，既皆灰烬”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　明成化年间的一个早朝上，围绕着都掌蛮是剿是抚的问题，金銮殿又开始了一场激烈的争论，其实此事商议已久，只是一直未有定论。太子少保、礼部尚书周洪谟原籍叙州长宁，颇熟悉都掌蛮性情，他极力反对设立流官，因其“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">不能夷语，不谙夷情，其下因得肆行苛刻，激变其党”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。周洪谟的上奏招来了国子监黄明善等人的反对，黄明善{<span style="COLOR: #ff6600; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">转帖者注：四川眉山人，从姓名上看与广西众多的黄姓贝侬何其相似！}继而提出一系列毒辣的计策：其一，组织当地民壮，他们不仅熟悉地形，且可以充分利用汉人与都掌蛮的矛盾；其二，10<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">月都掌蛮水稻成熟，宜督民先取其田禾，则不出三月蛮人必溃败；其三，分路进发，各个击破，小寨易攻者先取之，则大寨亦从而破；其四，使用毒球行烟药矢，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">毒球所薰，口眼出血，行烟所向，咫尺莫辨”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。为了激励士兵斗志，黄明善甚至建议，士兵攻打都掌蛮所获财物，可以自行保留，无需上缴。令主剿派欣喜不已的是，这一次，黄明善的上奏终于获得明宪宗的首肯，围剿已成定局，都掌蛮的命运跟这次朝会悄然联系在一起。    <a name="5"></a>成化与万历的围剿<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　成化元年（公元1465<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">年）三月，都掌蛮诸寨起兵掳掠江安等县，这一次，兵部诏都督芮成征讨，但同时又把设置土官事宜一并交付芮成处理。芮成来到叙州，先向都掌蛮宣布朝廷招抚授官之意，都掌蛮大悦，酋长亲自率领二百余位寨主到叙州府拜见芮成。如若此次招抚成功，都掌蛮或许还能免去灭亡的厄运。然而，主剿派御使汪浩由成都赶至叙州后，事态却急速扭转。汪浩认为这些寨主在战场上皆为枭雄，一可当百，不如乘机杀之，以绝后患，于是将前来拜谒的酋长、寨主二百七十余人尽数杀戮，尔后又捏造事实，诬称都掌蛮无意归降。消息传至都掌蛮各寨，都掌蛮群情激愤，誓言报仇，无不欲生啖汪浩。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　汪浩使得原本打算归降的都掌蛮坚决反戈，乃至疯狂报复。同年10<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">月，都掌蛮赴贵州诈降，贵州都指挥丁实不知有诈，出城迎接，结果“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">夷伏兵四起，官军五千余众皆没”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">；11<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">月，都掌蛮又设计诱使汪浩夜行长宁，结果“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">官军夜行迷道，人马坠溪谷死者不可胜纪”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。不久，都掌蛮沿江水南岸进军，再次攻陷江安、纳溪、合江等县，如入无人之境，几县官民皆迁至北岸，连汪浩的官船都不敢在南岸停留。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　战局僵持到1467<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">年，明王朝认为事态严重，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">非遣重臣大征不可”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，于是诏襄城王李瑾为征夷将军，领大军入叙州。都掌蛮登高倚险，用标驽垒石与明军周旋，终因寡不敌众，不得不逃入深山避难，明军陆续攻取龙背、豹尾等百余村寨。成化三年，五天之内，明军就放火焚烧756<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">处村寨，缴获米仓3811<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">所，斩首1590<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">人有余，生擒300<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">余人，所获马、牛不计其数。到了第二年，上报到朝廷的战报已增至“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">斩首3017<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">颗，生擒953<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">人，焚烧村寨1450<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">处，<span style="COLOR: #ff6600; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">俘获铜鼓63<span style="COLOR: #ff6600; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">面{<span style="COLOR: #ff6600; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">转帖者注：铜鼓无疑是越人最显著的社会活动标记}<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，所获牛、马、猪、羊、盔甲、标驽、牌刀、旗号、弓箭不计其数”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。不过，这个战果显然不能让明王朝满意，明宪宗仍然下旨：“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">叙贼奔遁山箐者，仍督兵搜剿；其未尽贼徒，尤须督兵设策剿捕，毋俾遗孽复遗民患……”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">对都掌蛮而言，这道圣谕无异于必杀令。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　幸存的都掌蛮盘踞九丝城（今四川珙县）、凌霄城（今宜宾兴文县），依靠天险与明军周旋。九丝城四面峭仄壁立，险峻不可攀，宋元以来历来为都掌蛮盘踞之地，方圆三十余里仅有一径羊肠小道可出入，都掌蛮却能如履平地，在草丛、荆棘里来回穿梭，人皆莫测其踪。在这里，明军遭遇了都掌蛮最顽强的抵抗，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">越四年仅克大坝”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，二十万大军忌惮九丝天险，不敢前进。这场僵持战，便是历史上著名的“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">成化之征”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　二十万大军的无功而返令明王朝大失颜面，万历初年，一份关于都掌蛮的急报摆在新继位的明神宗面前：叙州都掌蛮酋长每每身穿蟒衣，乘坐四驾马车，模仿明朝大官出行，沿途敲锣打鼓，夹道而驰；酋长阿苟与其义子阿么儿盘踞凌霄城，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">擅抬大轿，黄伞蟒衣，僭号称王”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。鉴于前朝的围剿失败，兵部认为，都掌蛮所恃巢穴极其险要，欲破都掌蛮，必破九丝城；欲破九丝，必破凌霄。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　明万历元年3<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">月，十四万明军在四川总兵刘显率领下再次集结叙州，刘显曾只身与都掌蛮肉搏，诛杀数百人，都掌蛮闻其名丧胆。在刘显指挥下，明军一路高歌猛进，凌霄城、都都寨很快易主。都掌蛮失此二险，只得退守九丝城。明军旋即兵分五路扑向九丝城，不分昼夜攻打，都掌蛮以死相拒，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">乘城转石发标驽，下击栩栩如电霰不休”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，明军伤亡惨重，一时却也无计可施。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　<chsdate year="2009" month="9" day="9" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" wst="on"></chsdate>九月九日<chsdate></chsdate>是蛮人的“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">赛神节”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，   <span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">这天，天降大雨，山路湿滑，都掌蛮酣战方休，认为明军绝不可能来袭，于是在九丝山上杀牛庆祝，尽情痛饮。不意明军乘夜攀岩，杀入九丝城，四处放火，杀声撼天，都掌蛮从睡梦中惊醒，见明军从天而降，无不束手就擒，混乱中，被火烧死、坠落悬崖者不下万人，酋长阿大、阿二、方三皆为明军擒杀。明军缴获铜鼓93<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">面，擒斩4615<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">人，战鼓作为战利品被大量运往京师府库，这种伴随着都掌蛮战斗、祭祀的重器最终随着这个民族的消亡而易主。<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">　　捷报上报至京师，兵部仍然下令：对逃遁在深山中的都掌蛮继续剿杀，“<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">铲削祸本，席卷云彻”<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">。经此大劫，幸免于难的都掌蛮只有隐姓埋名，四处流亡。史书并未记载明王朝对都掌蛮的清算到底持续了多久，而自明朝以后，都掌蛮便再不见于史料记载，显然，作为一个民族，都掌蛮已经在无休无止的战争与围剿中慢慢消失。
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-6-29 10:35:17编辑过]

maniachhz 发表于 2009-6-30 00:34:00

<div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder">以下是引用路在2009-6-29 19:16:44的发言： <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder">以下是引用不算笨在2009-6-29 17:19:14的发言： 民族不可太好斗，好杀戮的民族最终都是消亡的下场，如曾经显赫的匈奴、契丹、鲜卑、都掌蛮等皆是如此，可怜，汉人通常文弱，所以汉奸超多，但往往结局是可以保留下自己的文明。如汉字。</div>明朝的时候，官府也是说广西的“猺獞”很好斗滴。</div>真的啊？又多了解了点历史

土著虎尾 发表于 2009-6-30 08:13:00

<div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder">以下是引用不算笨在2009-6-29 17:19:14的发言： 民族不可太好斗，好杀戮的民族最终都是消亡的下场，如曾经显赫的匈奴、契丹、鲜卑、都掌蛮等皆是如此，可怜，汉人通常文弱，所以汉奸超多，但往往结局是可以保留下自己的文明。如汉字。</div>和族也是好斗的啊,现在消亡了没有?

毛毛虫 发表于 2009-6-29 22:01:00

一个民族的消失，一种文化的消亡，都是地球人的悲剧。

度莫发表于 2009-6-29 16:57:00

无论“都掌蛮”是什么民族。但一个民族从历史上消失了，这才是真正的问题！

度莫发表于 2009-6-29 17:26:00

没有人知道是什么是“太好斗，好杀戮”。因为最终消亡的民族，没有一个人站出来，有一个字的诉说！
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-6-29 17:27:11编辑过]

越明千里 发表于 2009-6-29 22:54:00

纵观群史，越僚洒的热血何其多！
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-6-29 22:55:02编辑过]

路发表于 2009-6-29 19:16:00

不算笨 发表于 2009-6-29 17:19:00

民族不可太好斗，好杀戮的民族最终都是消亡的下场，如曾经显赫的匈奴、契丹、鲜卑、都掌蛮等皆是如此，可怜，汉人通常文弱，所以汉奸超多，但往往结局是可以保留下自己的文明。如汉字。

lr285 发表于 2009-6-29 16:00:00

唉，真可怜。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

称最发表于 2009-7-2 03:14:00

以前季人也转过,,,,,,,,又得从新看一回前面的分析有点道理
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-7-2 3:15:12编辑过]

伤疤好咯 发表于 2009-6-29 14:06:00

<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">赛神节--ngoenz sax saenz.我相信"都掌蛮"是壮侗语族人.

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僚人家园's Archiver

[转帖]巴蜀都掌蛮