王明富：云南马关县法姐村祭祀北宋部族王侬智高的活动调查
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #003399; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">云南马关县法姐村祭祀北宋部族王侬智高的活动调查</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #003399; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">央视国际<span lang="EN-US"> www.cctv.com</span> <span lang="EN-US">2005</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">17</span>日<span lang="EN-US"> 16:46 </span>来源：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://www.cctv.com/"><span style="COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; text-underline: none;">CCTV.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">王明富<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 【摘要】云南文山州境的壮族民间祭日，数祭祀北宋部族王侬智高最为神秘。通过调查研究，浅析、透视其祭祀对象及与历史相关的民俗。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 【关键词】壮族传统祭日；北宋侬智高；部族王神灵 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 笔者通过三年时间，在州境八县开展六月节和七月节调查，壮语称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节的祭祀活动，主要祭北宋部族王<span lang="EN-US">——</span>侬智高。为深入考察节日习俗，<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">28</span>日，笔者再次进马关县的法姐村进行调查。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <b>一、法姐村基本情况</b><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 马关县南捞乡法姐村，距马关县城东向<span lang="EN-US">30</span>公里，步行达南捞乡政府需<span lang="EN-US">5</span>小时。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村属卢、陆、熊姓三户壮族人家先定居，故汉语称为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>大三家<span lang="EN-US">”</span>村。从卢、陆、熊三姓族谱和现状考察，三姓先民是清朝年间移居其地。壮族人民好客，心胸开阔，易接纳，<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">60</span>年代以后，法姐村又接纳了张、周、吴三姓汉族农户落籍。发展到<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年，法姐村有壮汉农户<span lang="EN-US">58</span>户<span lang="EN-US">256</span>人，其中，卢、陆姓<span lang="EN-US">31</span>户，熊姓<span lang="EN-US">8</span>户，田姓<span lang="EN-US">3</span>户，戴姓<span lang="EN-US">3</span>户，吴姓<span lang="EN-US">4</span>户，李姓<span lang="EN-US">2</span>户，张、罗、周、沈、唐各<span lang="EN-US">1</span>户。各户汉族定居法姐村，已壮化，会讲壮语，风俗习惯随壮族承传。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村的自然资源丰富，以村子为中心，前后左右延伸<span lang="EN-US">4</span>至<span lang="EN-US">5</span>公里的地盘，都是该村管理的地界，平均每户约占有荒山森林面积<span lang="EN-US">1</span>平方公里。因森林密布，水源也丰富，有利于开垦稻田。该村的经济以卖粮为主，卖畜禽为辅。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村远距城镇，儿童上学就读需出村十里，上中学就读步行<span lang="EN-US">5</span>小时。今该村无高中生，也无人在外地工作。村民属自给自足的半封闭状态生存着。法姐村的姑娘多数出嫁在本村，该村的女性勤劳朴实，是全村的主要劳动力。法姐村虽不属与世隔绝，但农民外出甚少，今仍蕴藏着丰富的民族文化遗产。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <b>二、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>七月节活动</b>
<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村的壮族，一年四季都有节日和忌日。时逢节日，全村按传统的节日习俗开展活动，过节期间的忌日，全村公民自觉忌工，遵守传统的禁忌。一年一度的节日，最重视的是：正月<span lang="EN-US">“</span>荷景<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，初一至十五忌工过春节，时至正月三十，杀猪祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>厅崩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；二月<span lang="EN-US">“</span>荷处<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，第一个属虎（寅）日，杀两头猪祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>布洛陀<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>者处<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，初一杀水牛祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，初一杀水牛祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">14</span>日，杀鸡鸭祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>濮雅<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">1966</span>年以前，<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月初一和<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一，需选水牛杀了祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，在社会变革时期，耕牛属集体所有，经集体讨论，在一个月内不能杀两头耕牛，为保护传统风俗，只批准七月初一杀一头水牛祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，而<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节各户自行祭祀。到<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>年，<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月初一的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节的一切习俗移到<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一举行。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 壮语称七月节为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景<span lang="EN-US">”</span>意有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>年节<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>过节、节庆<span lang="EN-US">”</span>之意；<span lang="EN-US">“</span>吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指<span lang="EN-US">“</span>七<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>七月节，以祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>为活动内容。祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，壮语称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>奔法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>或<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆<span lang="EN-US">”</span>为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>设供桌、摆设供品<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>译为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>祭祀天子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。法姐村主持宗教仪式的布麽卢华清说：听老布麽讲，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是祭侬智高天子。壮语<span lang="EN-US">“</span>奔法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，意为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>祭祀天子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1</span>、备办祭品、准备忌日所需物资 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 农历<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一的前三天，法姐村各户，妇女到田角地头，摘取壮语称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站吐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的染色香草，拿回家取其汁，男主人取竹破竹削制竹筷条，把所削制的竹筷浸泡在染色香草汁里上色。各户染制的筷条，主要用于<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，其次是备制一年所需的筷条，一般制数十双。如谁家策划婚礼、起房建屋，按酒宴席桌数备制数百双。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 七月初一的前两天，各户上山找回足够三天燃烧的干柴，割足三天大牲畜需吃的青草，备足厩养肥猪的青饲料，摘回一家人三天应吃的蔬菜。因为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节的忌日，三天内严禁外出带回绿色植物。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 七月初一的前一天，各户舂、碾糯米，到田角地头取回壮语称的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>来取草汁，将糯米浸泡在草汁里染制紫色、黄色、蓝色、绿色五彩糯米饭。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 在七月初一前一天，法姐村各户必须摘取<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，为七月初一上午蒸制紫色糯米饭祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>准备好浸糯米的草汁。这天，村里选派人到外村购买一头水牛，拉回村待杀；各户男主人在自家院井里选卫生、清静的地方搭建竹台，壮语称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，专用于摆置祭祀供桌。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2</span>、设置祭祀供桌 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 壮语称杆栏楼房前的竹晒台、阳台为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指<span lang="EN-US">“</span>块、片<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；<span lang="EN-US">“</span>斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>蓬架、高台或爬行<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。法姐村原有杆栏竹木楼，自<span lang="EN-US">50</span>年代后，改建地居土木结构的四合院，已没有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这类竹晒台。按传统习俗，祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的供桌，必须设置在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>上，今各户的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是新建在四合院井里的小竹晒台上，罗开跃家的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，是新建的小竹台，高五尺，长宽各六尺。法姐村各户祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的供桌，有木板、竹排、小方木桌，桌上都铺垫新鲜、新砍的芭蕉叶。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3</span>、杀牛作祭品 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 自古至今，法姐村用来祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的水牛，必须按传统选牛的标准去选购。传统选牛标准为：水牛、青黑色皮毛（忌用白、花色），头面的眼、耳、嘴、鼻、角无缺像，无伤痕，无病态，四肢健壮。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">80</span>年代开始，法姐村每年以四户轮流负责购买牛和杀牛、分其生肉给全村各户作祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的供品。<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年轮着吴国文、吴忠文、吴贤文、李廷昌四户。<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">29</span>日（农历<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一），寅时天未亮，负责杀牛的四户男主人和部分强壮的村民，已牵牛到杀牛场地。杀牛场地是历代固定的村左侧河边的一块半亩宽的草坪上。寅时开始杀牛，由吴忠文、吴国文、吴贤文、李廷昌、罗开跃等人捆倒高大健壮的水牛，用尖刀刺牛脖放血，杀时注重用盆接血，困其鲜血用来平均分给全村各户抬去祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一辰时至巳时，负责杀牛分牛肉的四户主人，剥下牛皮，刮牛肉，洗牛肚杂，把牛的各部位的肉刮了分堆在草坪的芭蕉叶上，牛的肠、肝、肺、胃也分别切碎堆放，要将各部位的生牛肉及肚杂平分给各户。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 午时，全村各户拿竹筒、大碗、小盆等器具到杀牛场地去接牛血，一大盆鲜红的牛血，平均分给各户抬回家，置放在供桌上祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。各户派人把牛血抬回家后，又到杀牛场去分生牛肉。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">4</span>、祭祀用具 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一辰时，法姐村各户男主人，把祭祀用的器具抬到村前的河流中选清水冲洗。祭祀用具有桌、碗、杯、切菜木板、石臼、木臼、舂棒、刀具等。祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>时，供桌上必须有一把磨亮的刀，有用菜刀的，也有选用尖刀的，各类刀具都需拿到河里取磨石磨亮，才拿回摆在供桌上。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">5</span>、供桌和供品 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">29</span>日（农历<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初一）午时，是法姐村约定成俗的祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的时间，各户供桌的摆设和供品数量，大同小异。桌前插一根竹杆，用于插香火；桌面上摆放七杯米酒，七碗紫色糯米饭，各碗饭上插一双经<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站吐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>染红了的竹筷条。桌上还放一块切肉的木板，木板上放一把磨亮了的刀具，木板的一侧摆放生牛肉，另一侧放置石或木臼，舂棒，臼里放少许的蒜瓣、生姜、花椒，臼边放一只小碗，碗内放少许食盐。桌面大的还供一碗鲜牛血、一碗<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>取其汁的紫色水汁，在这碗紫色香草汁边，还要放一把已取过汁的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>渣子，在渣子上供上一杯米酒、插一柱香，供上一碗紫色糯米饭。如果桌面小者，将上述供品另置桌旁祭之。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">6</span>、祭毕供品的处理 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村各户男主人，在自家院井里举行祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>仪式，摆置好供品，半小时后，在供桌边燃烧纸钱，撤收供品。收完供品，又点香祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>濮雅<span lang="EN-US">”</span>（祖宗），另装<span lang="EN-US">5</span>碗紫色糯米饭，倒<span lang="EN-US">5</span>杯米酒，抬到堂屋里的神龛上做祭祖供品。祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的生牛肉不能放在神龛上祭祖，当日煮熟全家人共食；祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的七碗紫色糯米饭，拌入红、黄、蓝、绿五色糯米饭里混蒸供全家人食用，罗开跃在收紫色糯米饭时，他取出少许，用芭蕉叶包好，他说，待风干后可做药用，在当年，如遇有腹痛腹泻，将风干的紫色糯米饭烧成灰，化开水服能治痢疾。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">7</span>、祭日禁忌 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>祭祀活动有时间禁忌、供品禁忌、劳动禁忌、生活禁忌等。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 时间禁忌：严禁不按时杀牛、不按时祭祀。杀牛必须在寅时，刮牛肉在卯时，分牛肉在辰时，祭祀在午时。不逢祭日严禁在村里杀牛。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 供品禁忌：不能用黄、红、蓝、绿、白等色的糯米饭做供品，必须选用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>染制的紫色糯米饭做供品。忌用熟肉食做供品，必须取用生肉做供品。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 劳动禁忌：法姐村在<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月初二、三、四这三天是祭祀后忌工日，忌日不能扛锄、扛犁下地劳动，不能使用劳动刀具。严禁外村人在本村山林地界内劳作。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 生活禁忌：祭祀时，妇女、儿童不参与，早期忌外族人参与和忌讲汉语（今已不受限）；严禁在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>祭桌边放污秽物；忌日严禁带绿色植物进村。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">8</span>、违禁处理 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村的古规，凡在七月初二、三、四这三天忌日内，不论是本村人或外村人，如不遵守祭日禁忌者，处罚赔偿祭祀活动所需的费用，罚重选购一头水牛再组织举行<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>活动。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <b>三、浅析、透视<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节</b>
<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 马关县法姐村的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节与其他县壮家举行仪式大同小异。大同为祭祀方法、供桌设置、供品等相同。小异就是杀牛有异，法姐村将所有牛肉分到各户去祭祀，而广南县贵马村是由寨老聚集在杀牛场举行祭祀仪式。各地祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的异同，应追溯到发生事件的史时和承传习俗的演变。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">1</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是何神灵 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 今云南省文山壮族苗族自治州的一百万壮族，历史悠久，传统文化积淀深厚，仍继世崇拜祖先、自然神和部族王神等。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是何神灵？ <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 在文山州境的壮族聚集区，民间传说的部族王神有两位：一位壮语叫<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅汪<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，或称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅拜<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，即<span lang="EN-US">“</span>女王、女首领<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅汪<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是何年代人，待考，今富宁县的者宁山称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅汪山<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，山上建有<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅汪庙<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，其庙在<span lang="EN-US">1958</span>年被拆毁，每年农历四月卯日，附近各村寨的壮族人民聚众前往娅汪庙遗址杀牛祭奠，当地称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅拜节<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。另一位是侬智高。<span lang="EN-US">1049</span>年，侬智高曾建立南天国，在邕州称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仁惠皇帝<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，南方各民族以朝廷的称呼叫他<span lang="EN-US">“</span>侬智高天子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，壮语忌讳直呼人名，弃<span lang="EN-US">“</span>侬智高<span lang="EN-US">”</span>称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>皇帝、王、首领、酋长<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，如蜂王，壮语称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>乜赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>乜<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指<span lang="EN-US">“</span>母<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>即<span lang="EN-US">“</span>王<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；<span lang="EN-US">“</span>法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>指<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>即<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。广南县阿用村建有侬智高庙，立<span lang="EN-US">“</span>侬智高天子<span lang="EN-US">”</span>牌位。经多年的普查，在文山州境的壮族地区，仅存侬智高天子<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和女神<span lang="EN-US">“</span>娅汪<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这两位部族王神，还没有发现第三位（句町王毋波庙在通海，不在文山，毋波也是壮族的部族王之一）。今文山壮族民间承传着六月节七月节与侬智高相关的传说故事<span lang="EN-US">20</span>多篇，壮剧剧本三部。由此推论，今壮族民间崇拜的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，就是北宋年间与壮族人民生死存亡有关的侬智高，侬智高已成为千百年来壮族人民逢年祭祀的部族王神灵<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>活动，壮语称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>摆法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">2</span>、六月节<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和七月节<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的演变 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 在文山州境，六月间，不论是何日祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，统称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>在<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月间，不论何日祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，统称<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。<span lang="EN-US">1966</span>年以前，马关县法姐村，时逢六月初一<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节和七月初一的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节，都需选水牛杀了祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，在一个月内杀两头耕牛，经当时的集体讨论，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的祭祀对象是同一个<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，为了少杀耕牛，为了尊重传统崇拜风俗，只保留<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节的杀牛祭祀活动。随后每逢七月初一，必须精选一头水牛杀了做祭品。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 为什么同一个村会产生两次祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的现象？经多年来的考察研究，在北宋年间，凡侬智高部队经过的壮族村寨，都属军事行动，是秘密活动。当时的壮族村都有人参加侬智高部队出行参战，侬智高部队消失后，壮族村民在祭奠阵亡宗族的同时，也祭祀侬智高天子及部队将士。在千年前，侬智高部队路经各村寨的时间不一，后人祭祀的时间也不一。由于祭祀侬智高天子这位<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>已固定成俗，随后的壮族村民搬迁到异地，也要按搬迁前的习俗举行祭祀活动。马关县法姐村是在清朝年间才组成村落，由卢、陆、熊三姓壮族人家先定居，而三姓人家的祖籍不同，其先祖生活的地域不同，祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的时间也不同，汇聚到法姐村后，各姓承传的祭日也就不相同。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">3</span>、用生肉、鲜血做祭品的原因 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 壮族祭祀神灵，唯有祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的供品用生肉、生血，而且各地区都如此祭供。在供生肉、生血的同时，供桌上必须配上生姜、生蒜头、花椒、食盐。今壮族有食生猪、羊、鸡血的习惯，而食生血时必须配有生姜、生蒜头、花椒、食盐，这已成壮家的一道美味。壮族有用美味祭供神灵的习俗。今有部份寨老曾听他们的长辈讲，早期，侬智高部队忙于行军和出击敌人，来不及煮肉吃，用生姜、生蒜、花椒舂碎加食盐拌生肉吃。今祭侬智高天子时，供桌上必须有生姜、生蒜、花椒、食盐和用来舂生姜生蒜的臼及舂棒。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>在世时曾吃生肉、生血，或是远古的壮族先民曾食生肉、生血，今祭祀供桌上的生肉、生血、生姜、生蒜、花椒及用来舂姜蒜的臼和棒，已成为壮族历史文化的沉淀，是古代遗留下的一组信息。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">4</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>与壮族生活 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 马关县法姐村在祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>时，各户的各张供桌上，都有七碗<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>染制的紫色糯米饭，在饭碗旁供上用大碗装的一碗<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>草汁，在这大碗边，需再供上取其紫色汁液而滤干了的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>渣子，证明供桌上的紫色糯米饭是其<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>染制的。壮族先民在何年代发明使用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>提取色素，待考，就其祭祀侬智高天子的供桌上用它来做供品，应有下述几种解释： <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 一是壮族的食品中，<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>染制的彩色糯米饭，是公认的美食之一，壮家有用美食敬神灵的习俗，壮族对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>十分虔诚，故将<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>及其所染的食品来做供品。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 二是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是唯一能提取鲜艳的蓝色素的香草，有了蓝色汁液，才能配制各种色调的绿色，故称它为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>站<span lang="EN-US">”</span>（染饭香草）中的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>（王），把它当做<span lang="EN-US">“</span>王草<span lang="EN-US">”</span>来祭祀。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 三是北宋年间，侬智高部队的将士，在行军途中，传播、引种其草，在称侬智高为壮王<span lang="EN-US">——“</span>赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的同时，也称其草为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛<span lang="EN-US">”</span>；或是侬智高部队在壮乡食宿，怕误食中毒，限食用其草染制的糯米饭，后人在祭祀时必须取用其草做供品。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">5</span>、历史事件与祭日禁忌 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 在壮族的所有宗教祭祀仪式中，唯有祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的禁忌多且特殊。特殊的禁忌应是历史事件的一种特殊记载。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 法姐村祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的禁忌，与全文山州各壮族村子的祭祀禁忌相同。祭时不准妇女、儿童参加，忌外族参与和讲汉话，说明早期的侬智高部队活动的区域，保密性加强，严格强调对其部队的行踪，必须守口如瓶。忌日严禁带刀具出入村庄，说明在侬智高部队食宿的村落，不属部队将士，严禁带刀在其村落出入。祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的供桌忌置地面，限设置于<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>上，说明早期侬军在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>彭斩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这类高台上就餐，在其高台，便于眺望观察，又便于出入。祭祀<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的米饭，禁用白、红、黄、绿、黑等色做供品，在侬智高部队行军作战的年代，唯壮族才能染制这一特殊的美食，将士吃了不易误食。法姐村祭<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的供桌上需摆放磨亮的刀具和一块切肉用的木板，说明在侬智高将士吃生肉时，自切自拌配料，严禁旁人带刀具靠近桌边或将士身旁。法姐村在忌日里，禁止本村或外村人扛、挑、背、提绿色植物进村，也应属侬智高部队将士为严防敌探伪装进村的禁令。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 据史籍记载，侬智高部队在皇佑五年（<span lang="EN-US">1053</span>年）与宋王朝的狄青、扬文广率领的数十万大军抗战，侬军人数虽无史籍记载，推测不少数万。而侬智高所率领的将士多数是壮族，侬军经数年与交趾、宋军交战，伤亡惨重。据壮族古籍记载，壮族对亲族亡人的灵魂，必须请壮族布麽诵经渡送亡灵到始祖生活的故土去归宿，其习俗早在唐朝前就形成。侬智高及部下的阵亡士卒的亡灵，家人及亲族后裔也承传其超渡亡灵的习俗，按史时计算，侬智高及其部队士卒后裔的子和孙辈，为侬智高将士亡灵超渡、祭祀的年代是十一世纪。侬智高的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>不知所终<span lang="EN-US">”</span>引起国内外专家学者的研究，虽无定论，但经千百年来的传颂，侬智高已成为壮族人民崇拜的部族王神灵，是今壮族人民年逢<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景搓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>景吉<span lang="EN-US">”</span>节祭祀的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>赛法<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。 <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">责编：郭翠潇<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><p> </p></span></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-4-19 17:38:34编辑过] 怎么都是乱码的 凹凸的《忆昆真》让我真的想象到雨中的亡魂。 习俗和广西的好像大不一样。 <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>靖西的孩子</i>在2009-4-19 20:07:19的发言：</b><br/>凹凸的《忆昆真》让我真的想象到雨中的亡魂。</div><p>我也有这样的感觉</p> 习俗跟我们有很大差距呢。这个村真的很有意思哦，值得好好研究 <strong>景吉.</strong>站赛\彭斩.这些词用壮文拼音或国际音标标注一下就好了,有点别扭 这篇文章我曾经读过 <p>近日，我们公司又来了实习生。分到我手下的是农姓的两兄弟。不到二十岁。与他们谈及了侬智高和农德孟。他们说“德”是公字辈的。他是“钜”字辈。</p><p>交谈中，无意之中听到他们说，听他们的老人讲，平果县最出名的都督庙那都督是姓农的。这让我吃了一惊。我记得那都督是一个太平天国的将领，何以是姓农？再者，我去过那都督庙，那庙旁就是都督墓，上面记的并不是农姓人。这让我想到，会不会平果这的农姓人家也是在偷偷地祭祀侬智高？？？</p><p>而且他还说是每年的六月几才去祭祀的。还说以前老人们还要上此庙的附近山上转什么圈。。。。。。再细问他们就什么都不知道了。</p><p>我想这里面有故事可挖。</p>
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